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GCRI · زانستی سیستەمەکان و مۆدێلسازی

Statistics for modelling

Probability and statistics are the language of uncertainty in modelling. In this field they underpin calibration, inference about parameters, evaluation of model performance and the honest reporting of ranges, for every modelling platform in the network.

01تۆمارکردن

Statistics for modelling on the record.

Method recordSTEM method
  1. ڕێگائەگەر و ئامار
  2. پارێزەرسیستەم Science and Modelling
  3. Applied inزانستی سیستەمەکان و مۆدێلسازی
  4. داتا3 inputs
  5. Canonical pageSTEM Commons
02Application

What probability and statistics does here.

Probability and statistics provide the mathematical framework for describing uncertainty and learning from data. They underpin estimation, testing and prediction in every risk discipline. In methods and modelling, risk management and مەترسیی سیستەمیی and research and evidence, statistical methods quantify the likelihood and uncertainty of losses across interconnected سیستەمە. They make the evidence behind risk decisions explicit and reproducible. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.

Bayesian calibration

Model parameters are calibrated with Bayesian methods that combine prior knowledge with data and produce posterior distributions, including a term for model discrepancy.

Proper scoring of predictions

Probabilistic model outputs are scored with proper scoring rules so that honest uncertainty is rewarded.

Ensemble statistics

Ensembles of model runs are summarised with statistical methods that account for dependence between ensemble members.

03ڕێگا و بەڵگە

How statistics for modelling is modelled, measured and tested.

مۆدێلەکە، گریمانەکانی، داتاکانی و نادڵنیاییەکەی، بەو شێوەیەی زانا یان ئەندازیارێک دەیپشکنێت. پێکهاتەکان ڕێگا بڵاوکراوەکان دەگرنەبەر. بەهاکانی کێشراو نموونەییە، نەک دۆزینەوە.

مۆدێل، هاوکێشەکان و گریمانەکان

The model structure used for statistics for modelling, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

مەترسیی توخمی iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)مەترسیدەر، ڕووبەڕووبوون، لاوازی و توانای مامەڵەکردن
زیانی ساڵانەی چاوەڕوانکراوEAL = ∑k pk · Lkبەسەر ڕووداوەکانی k بە ئەگەری ساڵانەی pk
سیستەمە هاوبەستەکانxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
گریمانەبۆچی دروست دەکرێتچۆن تاقی دەکرێتەوە
مەترسیدەر و ڕووبەڕووبوون لە ناو پێشهاتێکدا سەربەخۆنئینتێگراڵی زیان بە ئاسانی دەهێڵێتەوەبەراورد بکە لەگەڵ گونجاندنی کۆپیولا لەسەر تۆمارە هاوبەشەکان
هاوبەستییەکان لە نزیک خاڵی کارکردن هێڵینڕێگە دەدات شۆکەکان بڵاو ببنەوە لە Aلە دەرەوەی مەودای هێڵیی شڵەژێنە و بەراورد بکە
چەمکەکانی لاوازی لە شوێنێکەوە بۆ شوێنێکی تر دەگوازرێنەوەچەمکی ناوخۆیی بە دەگمەن بەردەستەلەگەڵ زیانە چاودێریکراوەکان پشتڕاستی بکەرەوە کە هەن
تێکردنەکان
کۆمەڵە داتای وەشانکراو لەگەڵ ڕەسەنایەتی
دەرچووەکان
دابەشبوون، نەک یەک ژمارە
کۆد
بڵاوکراوەتەوە لەگەڵ کارتی مۆدێل و تاقیکردنەوەکان
بەرهەمهێنانەوە
هەمان داتا، کۆد، ژینگە و تۆو
فۆرمۆلەکردنی مەترسی و دۆخ-بۆشایی ستاندارد؛ ئەو گریمانانەی لیست کراون ئاسایین بۆ ڕێگاکە، بۆ پێداچوونەوە ڕاگەیەندراون، نەک ئەنجام.
پرەنسیپە ڕێنماییەکانی FAIR · GO FAIR و FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web Consortiumڕێنمایی بۆ مامەڵەی یەکسان لەگەڵ نادڵنیاییەکان · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
04داتا

What the method consumes.

Datasets and records used by probability and statistics on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in the source register.

داتاڕۆڵناونیشان
Observational datasetsCalibration and evaluationچاودێریکراو
Model ensemble outputsئامارمۆدێلکراو
Prior information from literatureBayesian priorsREPORTED
05پرۆسە

چۆن پرۆسەکە کار دەکات.

Process explorer · Process

Statistics for modelling: Catastrophe model pipeline

10 steps5 قۆناغ

پرۆسە

Statistics for modelling: Catastrophe model pipeline

Catastrophe models usually have hazard, vulnerability, exposure and financial modules, and produce loss tables, تێکڕای زیانی ساڵانە, exceedance curves, PML and TVaR.

  1. 01 Hazard

    1. 01Event catalogueDataset · Model developerThe hazard module holds a large catalogue of simulated events that represents a wide range of plausible scenarios.
    2. 03Hazard moduleModel · Model developerFor each event the hazard module gives the local hazard intensity that the vulnerability module reads.
  2. 02 Exposure and damage

    1. 02ڕووبەڕووبوونDataset · Validation reviewerThe exposure module houses the portfolio data, such as location-specific information.
    2. 04Vulnerability moduleModel · Model developerThe vulnerability module quantifies the expected damage to the exposures from an event.
  3. 03 Financial

    1. 05Financial moduleModel · Validation reviewerThe financial module calculates losses from all event scenarios. Ground-up, gross and net losses differ as shown below.
    2. 06Event loss tableDataset · Validation reviewerAn event loss table lists each event with its annual occurrence probability and its loss for the portfolio.
    3. 07Year loss tableDataset · Validation reviewerSome models also sample simulated years from event losses. This outline does not describe their format.
  4. 04 Metrics

    1. 08Exceedance probability curvesModel · Validation reviewerThe occurrence curve gives the chance that the largest loss in a year exceeds an amount. The aggregate curve does so for the sum of losses.
    2. 09AAL, PML and TVaRModel · Validation reviewerAverage annual loss sums event probability times loss. PML is one point on the occurrence curve.
  5. 05 Use of results

    1. 10Use of resultsDecision · Validation reviewerThe tail metrics are used when considering a portfolio’s exposure and the level of catastrophe reinsurance an insurer requires.

Outline of an external standard or method, from its public sources. It describes what the framework says, not a record of any run. It does not show that Nexus or any partner performs, certifies or approves a step. A gate is a step of the method, never a Nexus approval.

06پشتڕاستکردنەوە

How results are checked.

Results are checked through diagnostics, cross-validation and sensitivity to assumptions. Independent replication confirms findings.

بپشکنەHow it is done
Posterior predictive checksCalibrated models must reproduce observed data
Prior sensitivityResults are recomputed under alternative priors
Scoring on held-out dataPredictions are scored on data not used in calibration

Inference depends on assumptions about independence, distribution and sampling that may not hold. Small or biased samples limit reliability.

08Stewardship

Who maintains the method.

سیستەم Science and Modelling stewards probability and statistics for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.

09پرسیارەکان

پرسیار و وەڵام.

What are the limits of probability and statistics in this field?
Inference depends on assumptions about independence, distribution and sampling that may not hold. Small or biased samples limit reliability.
How are results checked?
Results are checked through diagnostics, cross-validation and sensitivity to assumptions. Independent replication confirms findings.
Are the values on this page real?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
Where else is this method applied?
ئەو canonical method page lists every platform that applies it.
Reportsبەشداربە

لەم لاپەڕەیەوە بەڵگە پێشکەش بکە.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIزانستی سیستەمەکان و مۆدێلسازیڕێگا و تەکنیکیسیناریۆ و تاقیکردنەوەی گوشار
زانستی سیستەمەکان و مۆدێلسازی

ڕێگایەک، کۆمەڵە داتایەک یان پرسیارێک بهێنە.

زانیاری و پرسیار ئەمڕۆ کراوەن. پرسیارێک ژمارەی ئاماژەی پێدەدرێت و هەنگاوی دواتر دیاری دەکات؛ داواکاری، پارەدان، تەرخانکردنی کۆمپیوتەر و تۆمارکردن تەنیا کاتێک دەکرێنەوە کە تیم، مەرج و توانای پێداچوونەوەیان هەبێت.