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GCRI · 系统科学与建模

可复现的建模

A model result should be reproducible: others should be able to rerun the model with the same code, data and settings and get the same result, and inspect every step. Many published models cannot be rerun because code, data or environments are missing. This page sets out how reproducible modelling is practised, how it is checked, and what evidence serves the modellers, publishers and institutions who depend on it.

01登记

Reproducible modelling on the record.

02问题

Reproducible modelling: how the risk develops.

Versioned models, data lineage and re-runnable results. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Code and data must be available

Without the exact code and inputs, a result cannot be checked. Archiving them with identifiers makes reruns possible.

机制

Environments decay

Software dependencies change over time. Recording environments with containers or lock files keeps models runnable for longer.

机制

Workflows record steps

Workflow tools record every step from raw data to final figures, removing undocumented manual steps from the chain.

机制

Versioning supports correction

When errors are found, versioned models and data let corrections be traced and affected results updated.

03地理

北美的危害与暴露。

Population density, flood water and active fires over North America, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的危害与暴露

关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
提供方
NASA LANCE FIRMS
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;并非已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

危害与风险暴露,以北美为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 11 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日

04跨领域

Reproducibility lets every domain check model results.

Practice is designed for the 方法与技术系列. FAIR principles for research software (2022) guide releases; code and data would carry identifiers under the proposed Nexus Standards.

  • Reproducibility audits.
  • Released code with tests.
05孪生与级联模拟器

Model reproducible modelling as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 复合与级联危害标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NRS-H61 危害族:级联失效(NHS-1 sys.cascade)
  • NRS-H62 危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)
  • NRS-H60 危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)
  • NRS-H94 危害族:系统性网络事件(NHS-1 cyber.systemic-cyber)
  • NRS-H107 危害族:数字基础设施集中与单一化(NHS-1 tech.digital-concentration)
  • NRS-H7 危害类别:大尺度环流异常(NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)

观测

  • Copernicus EMS rapid mapping activations (listed for reference)
  • OpenStreetMap planet and replication (listed for reference)
  • ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
  • Number of disruptions to basic services attributed to disasters

示例地理范围

  • 孟加拉国:134 个六边形单元
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
  • Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Models with archived codepercent of published models每次审查Code archive checks观测
Successful independent rerunspercent of attempted rerunsper auditReproduction studies观测
Models with recorded environmentspercent每次审查Repository checks观测
Software with persistent identifiers计数年度Archive records观测
已发布的更正count with reason持续Correction logs观测
Models meeting FAIR4RS criteriapercent每次评估FAIR assessment估算
07方法与证据

How reproducible modelling is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

模型、方程与假设

The model structure used for reproducible modelling, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

要素 i 的风险Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)危害、风险暴露、脆弱性和应对能力
预期年度损失EAL = ∑k pk · Lk对年概率为 pk
耦合系统xt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
假设为何制作如何检验
在一次事件中,危害与暴露相互独立使损失积分保持可计算与基于联合记录拟合的 copula 进行比较
耦合在工作点附近是线性的让冲击通过 A 传播在线性范围之外施加扰动并比较
脆弱性曲线可以在不同地点之间迁移使用很少有本地曲线可用在有观测损失的地方据此进行验证
输入
带溯源信息的版本化数据集
成果
分布,绝不是单一数字
代码
连同模型卡和测试一起发布
复现
相同的数据、代码、环境和随机种子
标准的风险与状态空间表述;所列假设是该方法的典型假设,供审查之用,并非结果。
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
Software Heritage archiveArchived source code with identifiersOpen, archive terms
Zenodo and institutional repositoriesDeposited models and data with DOIsOpen, licence per record
研究软件的 FAIR 原则(FAIR4RS)Principles for reusable research software开放,CC BY 4.0
CoMSES Net and model archivesArchived models with documentationOpen, licence per model
Reproducibility studies in computational scienceMeasured reproduction ratesLicence per publication
09决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

系统 Science and Modelling prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Modelling teamsHow to package models so others can rerun themChecklists; archiving guides
Publishers and report editorsWhat reproducibility evidence to requireRerun audits
FundersWhether to fund archiving and research software engineeringReproduction rate evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Reproducibility checklists for models
  • Model archiving and versioning guides
  • Rerun audits of published model results
  • Open teaching material on reproducible modelling
10核心问题

What experts ask about reproducibility.

  • Is the exact model version used for a result recorded and retrievable?
  • Can the input data be traced back to their sources, with every processing step?
  • Are software environments, random seeds and hardware differences documented?
  • Can an independent team re-run the analysis without the original authors?
  • How are errors found after publication corrected and communicated?
11机制与驱动因素

Why modelling results fail to reproduce.

Models change constantly as code is fixed and improved. Without version control, it may be impossible to know which version produced a published result. Input data are revised, cleaned and transformed through steps that are often undocumented. Software libraries change behaviour between versions, and stochastic models depend on random seeds.

Coupled models multiply these problems, since each component has its own versions, data and settings. A result may depend on a particular combination that is never recorded.

Incentives play a role: documenting and sharing models takes time that is rarely rewarded. But irreproducible results cannot be verified, and errors in widely used models can spread into many decisions.

12方法与数据

Practices and their limits.

  1. 01

    Version control

    Recording every change to code and configuration. It requires discipline and shared conventions.

  2. 02

    Data lineage

    Documenting sources and processing steps for every input, using statistical and data stewardship practice. Some data cannot be shared.

  3. 03

    Computational environments

    Capturing software dependencies so models can be re-run. Long-term preservation remains difficult.

  4. 04

    Independent re-runs

    Having another team reproduce key results before publication. Costly but highly effective.

Reproducibility does not make a model right; it makes it checkable. Replication with independent models and data is a further step, covered in 模型比对.

13方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 高性能计算、云计算与边缘计算预算内的集合设计 · 工作流编排 · 可复现环境在此应用
  2. 系统工程决策模型的需求 · 耦合模型的接口控制在此应用
  3. 概率与统计贝叶斯校准 · 预测的恰当评分 · 集合统计在此应用
14Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

15问题

问题与解答。

What is computational reproducibility?
The ability to obtain the same results by rerunning the same code on the same data in the same computational environment.
Why archive model code?
Because without the exact code, others cannot check how results were produced, and errors cannot be found or corrected.
What are the FAIR4RS principles?
Principles adapting FAIR to research software, so that software is findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable.
Is open-source code required?
Open code helps reproducibility but is not always possible. Where code cannot be shared, independent re-runs and detailed documentation are designed to compensate.
What is data lineage?
A record of where each input came from and every step applied to it, so that it can be traced and re-created.
Does reproducibility mean the model is correct?
No. It means the result can be checked. Correctness requires validation and comparison.
How are errors corrected?
Through dated corrections linked to the original result, reported via the platform’s trust page.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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