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GCRI · 工作与技能的未来

数字工作与平台

Digital platforms arrange work for drivers, couriers, care workers and online freelancers, often through algorithms that assign tasks, set pay and rate performance. Platform work offers flexibility and income, and raises questions of employment status, 社会保护, data and fair treatment. This page sets out how platform work is organised, how it is measured, and what evidence serves the regulators, platforms and workers involved.

提出咨询 返回主题
01画布

工作如何开展。

系统 · 围绕本主题示意

技能与暴露控制台

Digital work and platforms · Labour market A · Year 2

数据岗位缺口GCRI · 工作与技能的未来

按暴露程度划分的职业

文书支持88,2030.7替代数据运营
机器操作人员65,8050.4混合机器人维护
护理工作者28,0770.2补充技能提升
分析人员26,6270.6补充技能提升

按技能划分的职位空缺

050100每 100 名求职者对应的职位空缺数数据照护行业工种绿色管理

再培训路径

  1. 评估技能概况
  2. 匹配目标岗位
  3. 培训19 周
  4. 地点雇主
  5. 跟进6 个月
Skills and exposure console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Digital work and platforms.示例名称和示意数值；是设计方案，并非记录或实时系统。

图Skills and exposure console: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.

02问题

Digital work and platforms: how the risk develops.

Remote work, platform labour and new organisations. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Algorithms manage work

Platforms use algorithms to allocate tasks, set prices, monitor performance and deactivate workers, often with limited transparency.

机制

Status determines rights

Whether platform workers are employees or self-employed decides their access to minimum wages, social security and collective bargaining.

机制

Online work crosses borders

Online freelance work connects workers in one country with clients in others, complicating regulation and taxation.

机制

Earnings are volatile

Income varies with demand, customer ratings, fees and unpaid waiting time, making it hard for workers to predict.

03地理

Connected activity in Southeast Asia.

Night lights, population density and land cover over Southeast Asia, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页的互联活动

关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2）（NASA LAADS DAAC）
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星辐射亮度，已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度；灯光是用电和停电的替代指标，并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11（NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN））
提供方
NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN）
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null；基于人口普查的估算，静态（2020）
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算，作为风险暴露背景展示；不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测（云层造成缺口）
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品（NASA LANCE）
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星探测；云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测；云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测（云层造成缺口）
来源
MODIS Terra EVI（NASA LANCE）
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日；卫星指数；云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数，是栖息地状况指标；不衡量物种或生物多样性。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。

Connected activity, framed on Southeast Asia.NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。

数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA/NOAA VIIRS · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光，NASA 戈达德航天中心；由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统（LAADS DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
  • Observed (EO): NASA/NOAA VIIRS (Suomi NPP). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 可选图层（图层列表中有 5 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）在打开时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报为模型输出，派生指数为估计值。

图层与日期

  • 夜间灯光，每日：VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2），NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 人口密度，2020 年：人口：哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN，世界网格化人口 v4.11（2018），NASA SEDAC， CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 洪水水体，3 日合成：VIIRS 全球洪水产品，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 增强型植被指数，滚动 8 天：MODIS Terra EVI，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日

04跨领域

Platform work reaches into several domains.

Findings are designed for the 指数级技术系列. The EU Platform Work Directive (2024) sets rules on employment status and algorithmic management.

  • Worker surveys with consent.
  • Studies of algorithmic management.
05孪生与级联模拟器

Model digital work and platforms as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 数字、电信与平台: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-9 情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）
  • NS-11 验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）
  • NS-12 软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品（供应链、模型卡、数据集说明）
  • NRS-H86 危害类别：电信与数据中心故障（NHS-1 infra.digital）
  • NRS-H54 危害类别：信号与平台中断（NHS-1 cyber.platform）
  • NRS-H93 危害族：身份、信任与密码学失效（NHS-1 cyber.identity）
  • NRS-H94 危害族：系统性网络事件（NHS-1 cyber.systemic-cyber）
  • NRS-T8 软件与供应链完整性风险
  • NRS-X6 网络与数字安全风险

观测

  • ITU DataHub ICT indicators (listed for reference)
  • World Development Indicators (listed for reference)
  • WMO Alert Hub and Register of Alerting Authorities (listed for reference)
  • Proportion of population covered by a mobile network, by technology
  • Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, by speed
  • Individuals using the Internet (% of population)
  • Number of people per 100,000 that are covered by early warning information through local governments or through national dissemination mechanisms

示例地理范围

  • North America: 243 hexagonal cells
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
  • Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
06指标

衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Workers earning through platformspercent of working-age populationper surveyPlatform work surveys估算
Online labour activityindex of projects posted每日Online Labour Index观测
Platform workers with 社会保护percentper surveySurveys已报告
Hourly earnings including waiting timecurrency units per hourper surveyWorker surveys and platform data估算
Court and administrative rulings on status计数年度Legal databases已发布统计
Algorithmic management transparency obligations辖区数量每次评估Legal review已发布统计
07方法与证据

How digital work and platforms is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。

系统模型

The couplings between the systems in digital work and platforms: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++工作社会人工智能社区经济R 增强B 平衡
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
ILO World Employment and Social Outlook on digital labour platformsGlobal analysis of platform workPublic, ILO terms
Online Labour Index (Oxford Internet Institute)Online freelance labour activityOpen, licence to check
Fairwork project ratings and reportsAssessments of platform working conditions against principlesPublic, terms to check
Eurostat and national platform work surveysPrevalence of platform workOpen, Eurostat reuse policy
EU Platform Work Directive and national legislationRules on status and algorithmic managementPublic, EU and national terms
09决定

由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Labour ministries and regulatorsHow to classify platform workers and regulate algorithmic managementCondition profiles; legal reviews
Social security institutionsHow to extend coverage to platform workersCoverage analyses
Platforms and worker organisationsWhat standards to agree on pay and treatmentEarnings and condition evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Platform work prevalence and condition profiles
  • Algorithmic management transparency reviews
  • 社会保护 coverage analyses
  • Evidence notes for regulation
10核心问题

What researchers ask about digital work.

  • How does remote and hybrid work affect productivity, wellbeing and career progression?
  • Who works on online platforms, under what terms and with what earnings?
  • How do employment classification and 社会保护 apply to platform workers?
  • How does algorithmic control change the relationship between workers and organisations?
11机制

Flexibility and its costs.

Remote work expanded sharply during the pandemic and has partly persisted for jobs that allow it, mostly office-based and better-paid roles. It can reduce commuting and widen access for people with disabilities or care duties, but may weaken mentoring and informal learning, especially for early-career staff.

Labour platforms match workers to tasks such as delivery, ride-hailing, care or online micro-tasks. They offer flexibility and low barriers to entry, but often classify workers as independent contractors, which can leave them without minimum wages, sick pay or occupational safety coverage. Earnings can be volatile, and ratings and algorithms shape access to work.

12方法与数据

Measuring digital work.

  1. 01

    Surveys of remote work

    Measuring prevalence and outcomes, using 社会与行为科学. Self-reported productivity can be biased.

  2. 02

    Platform data

    Data from platforms on tasks and earnings. Access is controlled by platforms, and independent verification is limited.

  3. 03

    Worker surveys

    Surveys of platform workers on hours, earnings and conditions, analysed with 计量经济学. Platform workers are hard to sample.

  4. 04

    Legal and institutional analysis

    Comparing how jurisdictions classify and protect platform workers.

13方法

如何研究，以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 社会与行为科学工作质量调查 · 社会对话研究 · 学习者体验研究在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
  2. 人工智能与机器学习从招聘信息中提取技能 · 就业服务中的岗位匹配在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
  3. 经济学与发展经济学基于任务的技术分析 · 劳动力市场制度 · 公正转型经济学在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
  4. 计量经济学基于关联数据的替代效应 · 培训项目评估 · 人才队伍预测在此应用
    规范 · STEM Commons
14Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。

15问题

问题与解答。

What is platform work?
Work arranged through online platforms or apps that match workers with clients or tasks, either locally, as in delivery, or online, as in freelancing.
What is algorithmic management?
The use of algorithms to assign, monitor, evaluate and discipline workers, common on digital labour platforms.
Are platform workers employees?
It depends on the law and facts of each case. Courts and legislators in several countries have reclassified some platform workers as employees.
Is remote work more productive?
The evidence is mixed and depends on the job, the arrangement and how productivity is measured. Hybrid arrangements show different results from fully remote work.
How large is platform work?
Estimates vary widely with definitions and methods. The platform reports estimates with their sources rather than single figures.
What is the risk for early-career remote workers?
Less informal learning, mentoring and visibility, which can slow skill development and progression. Organisations address this through structured mentoring and in-person time.
Does the platform assess individual labour platforms?
No. It studies platform work as a phenomenon and publishes research, not assessments of companies.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI工作与技能的未来前瞻展望证据简报

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工作与技能的未来

带来一种方法、一个数据集或一个问题。

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法律

本网站上的地图、数据和图表仅作为背景和一般信息展示。它们不是建议、预测或预警；信息的局限见免责声明和数据说明。