GCRI · 工作与技能的未来
职业安全
Work kills and injures millions each year through accidents, hazardous substances, heat and other conditions, and psychosocial risks affect mental health. New technologies and 气候变化 add hazards while removing others. This page sets out how occupational hazards arise and are controlled, how injuries and illnesses are measured, and what evidence serves the labour inspectorates, employers and workers responsible.
Occupational safety: how the risk develops.
Human factors and new work hazards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Heat is a growing hazard
Rising temperatures increase heat stress for outdoor and poorly ventilated indoor work, reducing productivity and causing illness and death.
Exposures cause disease over time
Dusts, chemicals and other exposures cause cancers and chronic diseases years later, which are under-recognised as work-related.
Psychosocial risks affect mental health
Long hours, job insecurity, harassment and opaque algorithmic management raise stress, burnout and mental ill-health among workers.
Prevention follows a hierarchy
Eliminating hazards and engineering controls protect better than relying on procedures and personal protective equipment.
东南亚的人口与风险暴露。
Population density, daytime surface heat and night lights over Southeast Asia, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页的人口与暴露情况
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3,8 天(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 8 天;卫星 8 天合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-09-14
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星皮肤温度,是高温风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数,也不是高温预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- OMI Aura(NASA GES DISC)
- 提供方
- NASA GES DISC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星反演;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-10
- 处理结果
- 约 2 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期低层大气二氧化氮的卫星柱含量,主要来自燃烧;不是地面浓度,也不是健康预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
人口与风险暴露,以东南亚为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- OMI 二氧化氮(Aura)和 OMPS 气溶胶指数(Suomi NPP),NASA;由 NASA GES DISC 分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 空气质量预报,5 天,PM2.5(CAMS,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 大气监测服务 2026 年信息。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 9 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 二氧化氮,低层大气柱:OMI Aura,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月10日
Occupational safety meets hazards from every domain.
Findings are designed for the Global Sector Risk and Resilience 系列. Since 2022 a safe and healthy working environment is an ILO fundamental principle, with Conventions 155 and 187; ISO 45001 sets management 系统.
- Injury and illness data.
- Heat protection evaluations.
技能与暴露控制台。
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。
技能与暴露控制台
Occupational safety · Labour market A · Year 2
按暴露程度划分的职业
| 文书支持 | 25,366 | 0.7 | 替代 | 数据运营 |
| 机器操作人员 | 45,528 | 0.7 | 混合 | 机器人维护 |
| 护理工作者 | 45,227 | 0.3 | 补充 | 技能提升 |
| 分析人员 | 12,224 | 0.5 | 补充 | 技能提升 |
按技能划分的职位空缺
再培训路径
- 评估技能概况
- 匹配目标岗位
- 培训22 周
- 地点雇主
- 跟进6 个月
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatal occupational injuries | per hundred thousand workers | 年度 | Occupational injury statistics | 已发布统计 |
| Non-fatal occupational injuries | per hundred thousand workers | 年度 | Occupational injury statistics | 已发布统计 |
| Work-related deaths from disease | estimated deaths | 每次评估 | WHO and ILO joint estimates | 估算 |
| Labour inspectors | per ten thousand employed | 年度 | ILOSTAT | 已发布统计 |
| Working hours lost to heat stress | percent of working hours | 每次评估 | Modelled estimates | 模型生成 |
| Workers reporting work-related stress | percent | per survey | Working conditions surveys | 已报告 |
Model occupational safety as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 社会与信息风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- Civil unrest
- Supply-chain disruption (在下游引发)
- Currency crisis (在下游引发)
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NS-12软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品(供应链、模型卡、数据集说明)NRS-H117危害类别:社会凝聚力与暴行风险(NHS-1 soc.cohesion)NRS-X7信息完整性与公众信任NRS-D2社会、包容与人类发展风险NRS-H52危害类别:信息完整性攻击(NHS-1 cyber.integrity)NRS-H79危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)NRS-H59危害类别:经济冲击与治理失灵(NHS-1 soc.economic)
观测
- WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)
- World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API(仅列作参考)
- 全球可持续发展目标指标数据库(仅列作参考)
- 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数
- Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income
- Number of countries that adopt and implement guarantees for public access to information
示例地理范围
- The Horn of Africa: 253 hexagonal cells
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| WHO and ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury | Deaths and disability from occupational risk factors | Public, WHO and ILO terms |
| ILOSTAT occupational safety and health statistics | Injuries and inspection | 开放,CC BY 4.0 |
| EU-OSHA surveys and reports | Workplace risks and management in Europe | Public, EU terms |
| ILO report on heat stress and labour productivity | Estimates of working hours lost to heat | Public, ILO terms |
| 国家 occupational injury and illness surveys | Injury and illness counts | Public records, licence per government |
How occupational safety is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in occupational safety: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Labour inspectorates | Where to focus inspection and enforcement | Hazard profiles; capacity reviews |
| Employers and safety committees | Which controls to implement | Hazard and exposure evidence |
| Labour ministries | Which regulations to update, such as heat standards | Heat stress and disease evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Occupational hazard profiles by sector
- Heat stress exposure analyses for outdoor work
- Inspection capacity reviews
- Evidence notes on psychosocial risks
What safety researchers ask.
- What new physical hazards arise when people work alongside robots and automated 系统?
- How does algorithmic management affect workload, stress and safety?
- How is 气候变化, especially heat, changing exposure in outdoor and indoor work?
- Are new forms of work, such as platform work, covered by safety systems at all?
Old principles, new hazards.
Human factors research shows that accidents usually arise from interactions between people, technology and organisation rather than individual error alone. Automation can remove dangerous tasks but create new ones: maintenance of automated equipment, unexpected robot motion, and monitoring tasks that leave people poorly placed to intervene.
Algorithmic management, where software assigns tasks, sets pace and monitors performance, can intensify work and increase musculoskeletal and psychosocial risks. Heat stress reduces safe working capacity and raises the risk of illness and accidents. Workers classified as self-employed may fall outside occupational safety 系统 entirely.
Evidence on work hazards.
- 01
Injury and illness surveillance
Records of workplace injuries and occupational diseases. Under-reporting is common, especially for psychosocial harm and in informal work.
- 02
Human factors analysis
Task analysis and incident investigation, using 社会与行为科学 and engineering methods. Findings depend on access to workplaces.
- 03
Exposure assessment
Measuring heat, noise, chemical and ergonomic exposure. Exposure varies within jobs and over time.
- 04
Evaluation of interventions
Assessing whether safety measures work, using 计量经济学. Rigorous evaluations are rare.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
Is a safe and healthy working environment a fundamental right?
How does heat affect workers?
What is the hierarchy of controls?
Are collaborative robots safe?
What is algorithmic management?
How does heat affect work?
How are psychosocial risks assessed?
Does the platform inspect workplaces?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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