Readings from the other desks

6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject

Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.

6.2Three lenses

One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.

6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions

How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for Kenya. The standards are preparatory working drafts (October 2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.

6.4GCRI reading: the model card

GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology

6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays

Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.

6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: q1 2027 readiness pack

The registers that open the first operational quarter. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.

Publication dispositions

• Publish
• Hold
• Needs evidence
• Restricted
• Superseded

6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch

Instruments that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.

• IN FORCE
• ADOPTED
• SUBMITTED
• UNDER REVIEW
• PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY

6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments

The review behind this edition covers peer-reviewed science, national and international assessments and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Full systematic reviews begin in Q1 2027 for each agenda item.

Review protocol

Question

What does the published evidence establish about Kenya’s coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity risks?

Sources searched

peer-reviewed literature; national and international assessments; official releases; industry loss data

Window

releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026

Selection

sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition

Next step

systematic reviews for agenda items A-01 to A-05 in Q1 2027

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 24World Bank (ed.), Kenya: Overview, country page (poverty 43.3% at $3.00 a day in 2025, public debt 70.6% of GDP, high risk of debt distress). World Bank, Washington DC, observation year 2025, accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 30International Monetary Fund (ed.), World Economic Outlook DataMapper series NGDP_RPCH, PCPIPCH and GGXWDG_NGDP, Kenya, observation years 2023–2027. IMF, Washington DC, accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 52UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), Paris Agreement. United Nations, Paris, 2015. From memory.back
4. 29Climate Action Tracker (ed.), “Kenya: targets, 2035 NDC.” Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, update of 31 March 2026, observation year 2035, accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Kenya (ed.), Climate Change Act, 2016, as amended in 2023. Nairobi. Title and status from memory and search summaries; check the text and the Kenya Gazette.back
6. 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Kenya (ed.), Climate Change (Carbon Markets) Regulations, 2024, Legal Notice 84. Nairobi, 2024. Title and effect from search summaries; the page returned no text.back
7. 26Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority (ed.), Energy and Petroleum Statistics Report for the Financial Year ended 30th June 2022. EPRA, Nairobi, 2022, observation year FY2021/22, accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 25Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority (ed.), Energy and Petroleum Statistics Report for the year ended 30th June 2026. EPRA, Nairobi, September 2026, observation year FY2025/26, accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 44UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Kenya (ed.), Water Act, 2016. Nairobi, 2016. Title and status from memory.back
10. 27UNFCCC (ed.), Report on the technical expert review of the first biennial transparency report of Kenya, FCCC/ETF/TERR.1/2024/KEN. UNFCCC, Bonn, 13 February 2026, observation year 2022, accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 45UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Kenya (ed.), Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, 2013. Nairobi, 2013. Title and status from memory.back
12. 51UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. From memory.back
13. 50UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. From memory.back
14. 48UNVERIFIED, not opened: C. H. Trisos, I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin et al., “Africa,” in Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, 2022. From memory.back
15. 47UNVERIFIED, not opened: Imperial College London and partners (World Weather Attribution), rapid analysis of the late-2023 rains in the Horn of Africa. December 2023. Taken from a search result summary.back
16. 28Climate Action Tracker (ed.), “Kenya: country assessment.” Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, update of 31 March 2026, observation year 2022, accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 38Government of Kenya (ed.), National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) III 2023–2027, read through the summary record of the Climate Change Laws of the World database (Grantham Research Institute); the plan itself was not opened. Nairobi, 2023, accessed 2026-11-03.back
18. 46UNVERIFIED, not opened: Government of Kenya (ed.), Kenya’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (2031–2035). Submission to the UNFCCC, 30 April 2025. Title from a database record; target figures are read through [27] and [29].back
19. 49UNVERIFIED, not opened: World Bank (ed.), Kenya Country Climate and Development Report. World Bank Group, Washington DC; year not confirmed. The page was reached only as a catalogue listing.back
20. 36International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Energy Profile: Kenya. IRENA, Abu Dhabi, September 2025, observation years 2017–2024, accessed 2026-11-03.back
21. 32Food and Agriculture Organization (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Kenya, reference date 4 May 2026. FAO, Rome, 2026, accessed 2026-11-03.back
22. 33World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (ed.), Weekly Situation Report, Kenya, Week 22: 31 May to 7 June 2026. WHO AFRO, Brazzaville, 2026, accessed 2026-11-03.back
23. 34Central Bank of Kenya (ed.), Agriculture Survey, May 2026, quoting the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics Economic Survey 2026. CBK, Nairobi, May 2026, observation year 2025, accessed 2026-11-03.back
24. 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (ed.), 2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census. KNBS, Nairobi, 2019. The site did not respond at evidence close; no census figure is used in this edition.back
25. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Economic Survey 2026. KNBS, Nairobi, April 2026. Figures attributed to it are read through the Central Bank of Kenya survey [34].back
26. 35International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (ed.), Kenya: 2024 IFRC network annual report, January to December, in support of the Kenya Red Cross Society. IFRC, Geneva, 8 August 2025, observation year 2024, accessed 2026-11-03.back
27. 1World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, “Population, total” (SP.POP.TOTL), Kenya, observation year 2025. World Bank, Washington DC, accessed 2026-11-03.back
28. 23World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, “PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)” (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), Kenya, observation year 2023. World Bank, Washington DC, accessed 2026-11-03.back
29. 31International Monetary Fund (ed.), Kenya and the IMF, country page (last Article IV Executive Board consultation 17 January 2024; outstanding purchases and loans SDR 2,803.76 million at 31 March 2026). IMF, Washington DC, observation year 2026, accessed 2026-11-03.back
30. 37UN-Water (ed.), SDG 6 Data Portal, Kenya country snapshot (6.2.1a safely managed sanitation 2024; 6.4.2 water stress 2023; 6.5.1 IWRM implementation 2023). UN-Water, Geneva, accessed 2026-11-03.back
31. 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (ed.), Eastern Africa: Heavy rains and flooding, Flash Update 4, 30 May 2024. OCHA, Geneva, 2024. Figure of 315 deaths at 29 May 2024 taken from a search result summary; the page returned an access error.back
32. 12World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, “Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)” (ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), Kenya, observation year 2022. World Bank, Washington DC, accessed 2026-11-03.back