Reports · GCRI · Country profile
Saudi Arabia 2026
사우디아라비아
Saudi Arabia enters 2027 as a hot, arid, hydrocarbon-exporting economy of 35.3 million people that is building a very large renewable fleet while still burning gas and oil for almost all of its electricity. Its reported emissions were 709 Mt CO₂e in 2021 including land use, 7% above 2019, and energy supplied 81% of the total excluding land use.
- 조사 결과
- 12
- each with its status and source
- Sectors with findings
- 4 of 6
- Infrastructure not assessed
- Risk objects
- 4
- order carries no rank
- 출처
- 45
- Evidence close 30 September 2026
01 · Readings
Saudi Arabia in six readings.
Six readings that frame the Saudi Arabia baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.
02 · Sectors
Six sectors, one hexagon.
Water first, then Energy, Infrastructure, Food, Health and Biodiversity. Each count is the findings of this edition in that sector: coverage of the evidence, never a score. Infrastructure is not assessed: the edition holds no Infrastructure finding and its coupling matrix does not assess it.
- WAT물2 findings
62% Non-renewable groundwater, share of natural water supply, 2023. □보고값
Non-renewable groundwater 62% of natural supply; desalination supplies the cities; agriculture the largest user.
- ENE에너지2 findings
63% Gas share of electricity generation, 2024. □보고값
Gas and oil gave 98% of 2024 electricity; 12.3 GW of renewables connected by end 2025.
- INF인프라not assessed
Desalination, grid and transport networks; condition and redundancy not bound.
- FOO식량1 finding
15 million t Cereal import requirement, forecast, 2026/27. □보고값
Cereal imports forecast at 15 million t for 2026/27; wheat harvest about 1.1 million t.
- HLT보건1 finding
1,301 people Deaths reported during the Hajj, 2024. □보고값
1,301 deaths reported during the 2024 Hajj; life expectancy 78.8 years in 2024.
- BIO생물다양성0 findings
18.1% Land in protected areas, 2024. □보고값
Protected land 18.1% and sea 6.5% in 2024; over 80% of land is desert.
Outside the six sectors: Climate forcing 4, Finance 1, Systemic 1.
03 · Hazard exposure
The hazards this edition reads.
The edition’s own risk objects, in its order, each read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and horizon. The hexagon marks the sectors the cascade reaches; the domain beside each is an editorial reading of its hazard words.
RSK-SAU-CLI-001
Extreme heat and humidity
□보고값EQL 4
- 동인
- warming of about 0.6 °C a decade; hot, humid Gulf coast
- 노출
- outdoor workers, pilgrims, older residents
- 취약성
- dense gatherings; outdoor work; limited shade
- 역량
- midday work rule; health-service planning
- 캐스케이드
- CLI → HLT, ENE → WAT
- 예측 시계
- seasonal
RSK-SAU-WAT-002
Groundwater depletion and desalination dependence
□보고값EQL 3
- 동인
- fossil aquifer use; rising demand
- 노출
- cities supplied by desalination; irrigated farms
- 취약성
- a few large plants; limited storage
- 역량
- Strategic Water Plan 2050; treated-water reuse [2]
- 캐스케이드
- WAT → FOO, HLT, ENE
- 예측 시계
- 5–30 years
No domain reading
RSK-SAU-CLI-003
Flash flood and dust storm
□보고값EQL 3
- 동인
- intense rain on sealed urban areas; strong winds
- 노출
- Jeddah and other cities; roads and airports
- 취약성
- drainage built for rare rain
- 역량
- weather alerts; regional dust-storm warning work [23]
- 캐스케이드
- CLI → INF → HLT
- 예측 시계
- 연간
RSK-SAU-ENE-004
Fuel and power supply under peak demand
◎Expert inputEQL 2
- 동인
- summer peak; fuel or grid disruption
- 노출
- power, desalination, industry
- 취약성
- gas and oil 98% of generation
- 역량
- 12.3 GW of renewables connected [2]
- 캐스케이드
- ENE → WAT, HLT, FOO
- 예측 시계
- 1–5 years
No domain reading
Scenario · SCN-SAU-HTW-01
Summer heat peak with a mass gathering
Under this scenario, results describe a conditional season under stated assumptions. It is not a forecast, and no intervention described here has been carried out.
3 of 12 findings name a hazard in their text. Show them
- 1CLI → HLTheat illness rises among pilgrims and outdoor workers
- 2CLI → ENEcooling load raises peak power demand
- 3ENE → WATdesalination needs power at the same peak
- 4WAT → HLTwater for cooling and drinking is stretched
- 5HLT → INFcare and transport capacity is stretched
- 6FINcosts fall on the public budget
04 · Couplings
How the sectors carry risk into each other.
The Saudi Arabia matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core 시스템. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the starting graph that the Q1 2027 Foundry cut will test.
| 출발 | WAT | ENE | FOO | HLT | BIO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WAT | · | Strong | Strong | 중간 규모 손실 | Strong |
| ENE | 중간 규모 손실 | · | Strong | Strong | 중간 규모 손실 |
| FOO | 중간 규모 손실 | Weak | · | Strong | Strong |
| HLT | Weak | Weak | 중간 규모 손실 | · | Weak |
| BIO | Strong | 중간 규모 손실 | Strong | 중간 규모 손실 | · |
Water: 4 couplings out, 4 in; Energy: 4 couplings out, 4 in; Food: 4 couplings out, 4 in; Health: 4 couplings out, 4 in; Biodiversity: 4 couplings out, 4 in. Infrastructure is not in the coupling matrix: none of the edition matrices types it, so it carries no value.
Cascade paths, in the edition’s order
- CLI → ENE → WATa heat peak raises power demand, and desalination needs the power▲Inferred
- CLI → HLTheat loads health services and mass gatherings□보고값
- CLI → INFa single rain event closes roads and schools in a city□보고값
- WAT → FOOfossil groundwater supports irrigated farming□보고값
- TRD → FINoil export revenue carries the national budget□보고값
05 · Findings
Every finding of Saudi Arabia.
Search, filter by sector, system or status, and sort. The address bar keeps the view, so a filtered list can be shared. Every row opens the finding at its source.
All 12 findings
| ID | 판 | Sector or system | 상태 | Statement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CLI-001 | 사우디아라비아 | CLI Climate forcing | □ 보고값 | Greenhouse-gas emissions were 709 Mt CO₂e in 2021 including land use, 7% above 2019; energy supplied 81% of the total excluding land use. |
| CLI-002 | 사우디아라비아 | CLI Climate forcing | □ 보고값 | The second climate contribution aims to cut 335 Mt CO₂e a year by 2040 against a baseline that is not published, with no 2035 target and net zero in 2060. |
| ENE-003 | 사우디아라비아 | ENE 에너지 | □ 보고값 | Gas and oil gave 63% and 35% of electricity in 2024 and solar and wind 2%; gas generation rose from 224 TWh in 2019 to 288 TWh in 2024. |
| ENE-004 | 사우디아라비아 | ENE 에너지 | □ 보고값 | Renewable capacity connected to the grid was 12.3 GW at the end of 2025, with 57.5 GW tendered and 10.7 GW under construction. |
| WAT-005 | 사우디아라비아 | WAT 물 | □ 보고값 | Non-renewable groundwater was 62% of the natural water supply in 2023, and agriculture used 12,298 million m³, of which 9,356 million m³ was non-renewable groundwater. |
| WAT-006 | 사우디아라비아 | WAT 물 | □ 보고값 | The national submission says around 70% of potable water is desalinated; the GASTAT water accounts give 50% of distributed water for 2023. The two measures differ. |
| CLI-007 | 사우디아라비아 | CLI Climate forcing | □ 보고값 | Temperatures rose by 0.60 °C a decade at the daily maximum and 0.64 °C a decade at the minimum between 1978 and 2019, and projections for the region approach human heat limits. |
| CLI-008 | 사우디아라비아 | CLI Climate forcing | □ 보고값 | Jeddah recorded 179 mm of rain on 24 November 2022, more than the 2009 peak, and flooding closed roads and schools. |
| HLT-009 | 사우디아라비아 | HLT 보건 | □ 보고값 | The Health Minister reported 1,301 deaths during the 2024 Hajj, 83% of them unauthorised pilgrims; the cause split was not given. A midday outdoor-work rule ran from 15 June to 15 September 2025. |
| FOO-010 | 사우디아라비아 | FOO 식량 | □ 보고값 | FAO forecast cereal import needs of 15 million tonnes for 2026/27, while the 2026 wheat harvest was about 1.1 million tonnes. |
| FIN-011 | 사우디아라비아 | FIN 금융 | □ 보고값 | Oil and oil products were 69% of main products and exports; the IMF projects growth of 1.7% in 2026 and a fiscal deficit of 5.8% of GDP in 2025. |
| SYS-012 | 사우디아라비아 | SYS 시스템 | ◎ Expert input | The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a summer heat peak that loads power, desalination and health services together during a mass gathering. |
06 · Editions and calendar
The desks’ editions for Saudi Arabia.
| 데스크 | 판 | 상태 | 식별자 |
|---|---|---|---|
| GCRI Systems Evidence | Saudi Arabia 2026 | Drafted, in stewardship review | NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 |
| GRF Public Deliberation | Public Deliberation: Saudi Arabia 2026 | 준비 중 | |
| GRA Capital Readiness | Capital Readiness: Saudi Arabia 2026 | 준비 중 | |
| Standards Progress | No edition in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Academy Capability | No edition in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Index Measurement | Measurement: Saudi Arabia 2026 | 준비 중 |
Calendar · 2026 Baseline
- 01Call opensset by the editor
- 02Contribution closeset by the editor
- 03근거 마감30 September 2026
- 04Desk review and releaseset by the editor
- 05Collection compilationset by the editor
- 06Collection releaseset by the editor
- 07정정after release, as needed
Evidence cut NQ-SAU-2026-Q0-1. Next cycles: Q1 2027, Q2 2027, Q3 2027, Q4 2027; their dates are set by the editor.
07 · Take part
Read it, improve it, cite it.
- 읽기The edition, chapter by chapter, with every source.
- 기여하기Send evidence, a source or a method before the next cut.
- 검토Join the stewardship review of this edition.
- CiteAPA, Chicago, BibTeX, RIS and the house style, as a draft.
- PDFThe signed PDF is issued at release; print the complete edition today.
정정 기록
| 버전 | 날짜 | 상태 | 변화 | 공지 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NR-COUNTRY-SAU-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | October 2026 | DRAFT | Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition, | 없음 |
Data gaps3What the repository does not hold yet, and the source proposed for each
| 격차 | Shown here as | Proposed source |
|---|---|---|
| Exposure values per hazard (people, assets, hectares) | the edition’s own risk objects, without values | the Index country profile once the Index releases values, risksindex.com/sau/ |
| The NHS-1 hazard types and their assignment to this edition’s risk objects | an editorial reading of the hazard words | the NHS-1 type assignment through the Registry |
| Infrastructure in the coupling matrix | Infrastructure marked not assessed | an Infrastructure row and column in the edition matrix at the next cut |
Send evidence or a correction on Saudi Arabia.
보고서 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) 시스템 증거 담당 부서에 속합니다. 이 주제에 대해 아시는 내용은 다음 판에서 증거, 사례 또는 정정이 될 수 있으며, 귀하의 이름으로 표기되고 직접 작성한 저작물인 경우 CC BY 4.0으로 발행됩니다. 잘못된 부서에 보내더라도 거절되지 않고 전달됩니다.
- 이메일게이트웨이 GW-GCRI이 페이지에서 보내기증거, 정정, 사례, 방법, 검토, 번역 또는 프로필 입력 자료. 이 페이지의 태그가 붙어 도착하므로, 이를 담당하는 편집자가 받게 됩니다.
- Zenodo개방형 예치기탁하고 커뮤니티에 제출하기ORCID iD로 Zenodo에 직접 기록을 게시한 뒤, 그곳의 Reports 커뮤니티에 제출하십시오. 큐레이터가 검토하며, DOI는 귀하의 것으로 남습니다.
- 보고서GCRI어느 담당 부서가 귀하의 내용을 받는지 확인하기안내표를 열면 기여 페이지로 연결되며, 무엇을 가지고 있는지, 어느 담당 부서가 받는지, 각 기여를 어떻게 검토하고 표기하는지, 그리고 라이선스를 확인할 수 있습니다.
개인정보, 민감한 인프라 세부 정보, 공유할 권리가 없는 자료는 절대 보내지 마십시오. 기여물은 사용 전에 검토됩니다. 기여물을 보낸다고 해서 저작자 지위나 편집 권한이 부여되지 않으며, 후원으로 조사 결과를 얻을 수 없습니다.
CC BY 4.0 Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.