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GCRI · 海洋与海岸

港口与海事基础设施

Ports, coastal roads, power plants, airports and defences sit at the shoreline because they need the sea or the flat land beside it. That location exposes them to 风暴潮, waves, wind and rising sea level, and port disruption interrupts trade, fuel and food supply. This page sets out how coastal infrastructure is affected by ocean hazards, how exposure is assessed, and what evidence serves the authorities and operators responsible.

02问题

Ports and maritime infrastructure: how the risk develops.

Coastal transport and continuity. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Ports are exposed by design

Ports sit at the water’s edge with low quays, cranes and storage. 风暴潮 and waves flood terminals, damage equipment and close channels.

机制

Wind and waves stop operations

Cranes stop above wind limits, and pilots and ships cannot enter in high waves. Operational downtime can exceed physical damage in cost.

机制

Rising seas reduce margins

Quay heights and drainage designed for past sea levels lose freeboard as the sea rises, so the same storm floods more often.

机制

Coastal assets connect inland

Ports depend on roads, rail, power and fuel supply that may also flood. Disruption spreads inland through supply chains.

03地理

太平洋岛国的海洋状况。

太平洋岛国的海洋热浪、叶绿素和海温,来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页当前的海况

关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
GHRSST MUR25(NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
提供方
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星分析
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
对所示日期海温偏离常年值幅度的卫星分析;是海洋热浪指标,并非 珊瑚白化 警报。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Aqua 海洋水色(NASA OB.DAAC)
提供方
NASA OB.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星反演;云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
所示日期海面附近叶绿素 a 的卫星估算值,是浮游生物和海洋生产力的指标;不衡量渔业资源或有害藻华。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
GHRSST MUR(NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
提供方
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星分析
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
所示日期海表温度的补缺卫星分析;不是珊瑚礁或物种状况报告。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

海洋状态,以太平洋岛国为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA PACE OCI · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析,NASA 喷气推进实验室;由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC(PO.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS Aqua 海洋水色,NASA 海洋生物处理组;由 NASA Ocean Biology DAAC(OB.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA PACE OCI. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中共 10 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)启用后会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报为模型输出,衍生指数为估计值。

图层与日期

  • 海面温度距平:GHRSST MUR25,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 海洋叶绿素 a 浓度:MODIS Aqua 海洋水色,NASA OB.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 海面温度:GHRSST MUR,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态

04跨领域

Ports connect the sea to every domain on land.

Port analyses are designed for the 战略系统系列. UNCTAD’s maritime review (2024) and the ISPS Code frame operations and security; operators keep sensitive layouts.

  • Port disruption records.
  • Climate adaptation plans for ports.
05监测

海岸适应路径。

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

沿海适应路径

Ports and maritime infrastructure · Coastal zone A · Sea level scenario set

Tipping point in 19 yearsGCRI · 海洋与海岸

按情景划分的洪水范围

示意海岸线

港口城镇工厂海洋区间:1/10 · 1/100 · 1/1000N

相对海平面

适应路径

沙丘补沙0.41加高海堤5 年内两次漫顶
加高海堤0.710有管理的后退海堤达到设计极限
有管理的后退1.311迁移资产社区决定
Coastal adaptation pathways: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Ports and maritime infrastructure.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Quay elevation above extreme sea levelmetres每次评估Port surveys and sea-level analysis估算
Operational downtime from weatherhours per year年度Port operational records观测
Coastal infrastructure in flood hazard zonescount and value每次评估Asset maps and hazard maps估算
Storm damage to port facilitiesevents with recorded damage年度Port and insurance records已报告
Wave height at harbour entrancemetreshourlyWave buoys and models观测
Ports with climate adaptation plans计数每次评估Port authority disclosures已声明
07模拟器

冲击在投入产出经济中的传播。

A loss of output in one sector propagates through the technical coefficients to its suppliers and customers, and recovers at the rate you set; the coefficients are teaching values, not national accounts. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Pacific Island states; the model itself is not tied to a place.

控制措施

最先受冲击的部门(在列表中的位置)
0
冲击规模
其产出的 30%
冲击持续时间
30 days
恢复速率
每天 0.08
模拟天数
180 days

读数

运行期间损失的产出
0.73% of a year’s output
总量与直接量之比(乘数)
1.58 倍
受影响最大的其他部门
贸易
其峰值不可运行性
3.1%
数字、方法与来源
部门峰值不可运行性(%)产出权重(%)
农业30.1419.7
能源0.5912.4
制造业2.6414.7
交通与港口0.8921.2
贸易3.1517.9
服务0.7014.1

方法

  1. 投入产出分析 Leontief (1936); Miller and Blair (2009), Input-Output Analysis, Cambridge University Press
  2. 不可运行性投入产出模型 Haimes and Jiang (2001), Journal of Infrastructure Systems 7
  3. 动态不可运行性与恢复 Lian and Haimes (2006), Systems Engineering 9
  4. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • 海港 Natural Earth
  • 海上咽喉要道 Nexus(按公布坐标标注的指定海峡和运河)
  • 铁路 Natural Earth
  • 主要道路 Natural Earth
冲击在投入产出经济中的传导。示意性教学模型:它依据控件设定的数值运行,而非实测数据。方法:Input-output analysis (Leontief (1936); Miller and Blair (2009), Input-Output Analysis, Cambridge University Press);Inoperability input-output model (Haimes and Jiang (2001), Journal of Infrastructure Systems 7);Dynamic inoperability and recovery (Lian and Haimes (2006), Systems Engineering 9)。
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
UNCTAD climate adaptation of ports reports and surveysPort exposure and adaptation practicePublic, UNCTAD terms (to check)
PIANC guidance on 气候变化 adaptation for waterborne transport infrastructureEngineering guidance for ports and waterwaysLicence per publication
Copernicus Marine Service wave and sea level productsWave and water level hindcasts and forecastsFree, Copernicus Marine licence
IMF PortWatchPort activity and disruption estimatesPublic, IMF terms (to check)
Coastal infrastructure from OpenStreetMapLocations of ports, roads and facilitiesOpen, ODbL
09孪生与级联模拟器

Model ports and maritime infrastructure as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 海洋与海岸风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 海平面上升
  • 风暴潮
  • Coastal erosion
  • 热浪
  • Ocean acidification
  • Harmful algal bloom
  • 极端火险天气(在下游引发)
  • 野火 (在下游引发)
  • 高温导致的电网压力(在下游引发)
  • 农业干旱(在下游引发)
  • 骤发干旱(在下游引发)
  • 积雪干旱(在下游引发)
  • 近地面臭氧事件(在下游引发)
  • Meteorological drought (set off downstream)
  • 河流洪水(在下游引发)
  • 沿海洪水(在下游引发)
  • Estuary flood (set off downstream)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-1 维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-3b 数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)
  • NS-5 图表、地图和可视化标准(配合 UI/UX 套件)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NRS-X3 海洋与海岸风险
  • NRS-H11 危害类别:沿海与海平面危害(NHS-1 water.coastal)
  • NRS-H79 危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)
  • NRS-H12 危害类别:海况极端事件(NHS-1 water.ocean-state)
  • NRS-H67 危害类别:海洋环流与海洋临界点(NHS-1 planet.ocean-tipping)
  • NRS-K18 领域包概况:海洋与海岸(DOMAIN-018)

观测

  • Copernicus Marine Service ocean products (listed for reference)
  • Coral Reef Watch daily 5 km heat stress products (listed for reference)
  • PSMSL tide gauge mean sea level records (listed for reference)
  • GEBCO global bathymetric grid (listed for reference)
  • Argo float profiles (listed for reference)
  • Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
  • Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density
  • Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to GDP, including damage to critical infrastructure

示例地理范围

  • 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 白天地表气温(AIRS),NASA GIBS
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Oceans and Coasts prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Port authorities and operatorsWhich adaptation measures to invest in and whenExposure assessments; downtime analyses
Ministries of transportWhich coastal assets need protection or relocationInfrastructure hazard overlays
Coastal engineers and designersWhich design sea levels and wave conditions to adoptExtreme sea level and wave evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Port exposure assessments to surge, waves and 海平面上升
  • Operational downtime analyses from wave and wind data
  • Design sea level reviews for port upgrades
  • Evidence notes on port adaptation
11方法与证据

How ports and maritime infrastructure is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

地球观测链

How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on ports and maritime infrastructure, and where each step adds uncertainty.

  1. 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性:云层和轨道造成的缺口
  2. 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性:传感器漂移
  3. 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性:气溶胶和坡度假设
  4. 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性:模型和训练误差
  5. 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性:样本设计与规模
  6. 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性:明确说明,从不隐藏
按 CEOS 分析就绪数据含义的处理链;每一步在绘制数字之前都会记录其不确定性。通用结构,并非结果。
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
12核心问题

专家提出的问题。

  • Which port functions are critical, and which hazards can stop them?
  • How long can a port be closed before supply of fuel, food or medicines is affected?
  • Do quay heights, breakwaters and drainage still perform under higher sea levels?
  • How do port disruptions propagate through shipping networks and inland logistics?
  • Which dependencies on power, communications and labour create hidden single points of failure?
13机制

How ports are disrupted.

Direct physical damage comes from surge and wave overtopping, wind damage to cranes and warehouses, and scour of foundations. Many disruptions are indirect: navigation channels silt up after storms, power or communications fail, access roads flood, or workers cannot reach the port. Heat affects equipment and workers, and low river levels can disrupt inland waterway connections that feed coastal ports.

Shipping networks transmit disruption. A closure at a hub port causes vessels to divert or queue, congestion spreads to neighbouring ports, and schedules take weeks to recover. Islands and remote coasts served by a single port can face shortages quickly. 海平面上升 lowers the effective freeboard of quays and breakwaters, so design margins chosen decades ago shrink.

Ports also shape the coast around them. Dredging, reclamation and breakwaters alter sediment transport and habitats, so port development and adaptation have ecological effects that feed back into flood exposure and fisheries along neighbouring shores.

14方法与数据

Engineering and network analysis.

工程

Fragility and design

Fragility curves relate 危害强度 to damage for port assets; design standards set heights and loads.

网络

Shipping and logistics models

Network models of routes and hinterland connections estimate how closures propagate.

数据

Vessel tracking

Automatic identification system data show vessel movements and port calls; access and coverage vary.

Limits: port asset data are often commercially sensitive or incomplete, fragility data for port equipment are limited, and network models simplify how shippers and operators adapt.

15方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

16Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

17问题

问题与解答。

Why are ports vulnerable to climate change?
Because they are built at the water’s edge at low elevations, and storm surge, waves, wind and rising sea level all affect their structures and operations.
What is freeboard?
The height between the water level and the top of a structure such as a quay or seawall, which shrinks as sea level rises.
Can ports adapt?
Yes, by raising quays, improving drainage, strengthening breakwaters, adjusting operations and planning for relocation, usually in stages as sea level rises.
Does the platform assess individual ports?
Only in reviewed research cases with the data owner’s permission. It does not publish sensitive operational detail.
Is port engineering the platform’s focus?
Port engineering is one input. The platform’s focus is the interdisciplinary picture: hazard, ecosystem, network and community together.
Where is port continuity tested?
In the Universe theme on coastal flood and port continuity, an exercise setting whose results are labelled as exercises.
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报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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