GCRI · Comércio e recursos estratégicos

Geoeconomia e fragmentação

Trade is increasingly shaped by security concerns: export controls, sanções, investment screening, subsidies and tariffs that steer supply chains toward allies or home. These measures can reduce some dependencies while creating others, raising costs and splitting markets. This page sets out how fragmentação geoeconômica works, how it is measured, and what evidence serves the governments and firms that must navigate it.

02A pergunta

Geoeconomics and fragmentation: how the risk develops.

Restrictions, market transmission and substitution. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Measures restrict and redirect

Controlos à exportação, sanções and tariffs block or tax trade with particular partners. Trade often reroutes through third countries rather than stopping.

Mecanismo

Subsidies relocate production

Industrial policies subsidise domestic or allied production of chips, batteries and clean technology. Others respond, and trade patterns shift over years.

Mecanismo

Blocs form along alignment

Trade and investment grow faster between politically aligned countries. Fragmentation reduces efficiency gains from specialisation and can raise prices.

Mecanismo

Retaliation compounds

Each measure invites a response. Escalating restrictions widen the set of goods affected and raise uncertainty for investment.

03Monitoramento

Monitorização de corredores e pontos de estrangulamento.

A tela que uma equipe usaria para acompanhar esta matéria: suas medidas, estados e decisões. Os nomes são exemplos e os valores são ilustrativos.

Monitor de corredores e pontos de estrangulamento

Geoeconomics and fragmentation · Corridor A · Week 28

  • Tempo de trânsito
    22dias9Alerta
  • Índice de frete
    21431Observar
  • Embarcações redirecionadas
    57esta semanaObservar
  • Capa do inventário
    37diasNormal
Interrupção em ponto de estrangulamentoGCRI · Comércio e recursos estratégicos

Corredores

vermelho: perturbado

Polo APolo BEstreitoPolo portuárioPolo EPolo FTerminalPonto de estrangulamentoN

Tempo de recuperação face ao tempo de sobrevivência

por insumo crítico

FertilizantesEstreito73Curto
CombustívelEstreito54Coberto
SemicondutoresPolo portuário2411Curto
GrãoCorredor A28Coberto
Corridor and chokepoint monitor: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Geoeconomics and fragmentation.Nomes de exemplo e valores ilustrativos; um projeto, não um registro nem um sistema ativo.
04Em todos os domínios

Fragmentation changes costs and resilience across domains.

Fragmentation scenarios are designed for the Série Perspectivas de Prospectiva, labelled as scenarios. The IMF’s 2023 Staff Discussion Note and the WTO World Trade Report 2023 set out estimated costs and their wide ranges; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) takes no position on any dispute.

  • Cases where a restriction reached a supply chain.
  • Critiques of fragmentation scenarios.
05Métodos e evidência

How geoeconomics and fragmentation is modelled, measured and tested.

O modelo, os seus pressupostos, os seus dados e a sua incerteza, na forma que um cientista ou engenheiro verificaria. As estruturas seguem métodos publicados. Os valores representados são ilustrativos, não conclusões.

Modelo de sistema

The couplings between the systems in geoeconomics and fragmentation: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+ComércioIndústriaComunidadesEconomiaR de reforçoB equilíbrio
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Princípios orientadores FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientação sobre o tratamento consistente das incertezas · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
06Indicadores

O que é medido e com que qualidade.

Cada indicador leva sua unidade, sua periodicidade, o tipo de fonte por trás dele e a etiqueta de evidência que um valor levaria. Nenhum valor é mostrado: um programa os fornece sob sua própria autoridade.

IndicadorUnidadeCadênciaTipo de fonteRótulo
Trade policy interventionscount of measures by typemensalTrade policy monitoring databasesREPORTADO
Trade between geopolitical blocsshare of total tradetrimestralBilateral trade data with bloc classificationESTIMADO
Goods covered by export controlscount of product codespor alteraçãoGovernment control listsEstatísticas publicadas
Foreign direct investment screening decisionscount of reviews and blocksanualInvestment screening reportsEstatísticas publicadas
Average applied tariffpercentanualTariff databasesEstatísticas publicadas
Trade policy uncertaintyindex value from text analysismensalPublished uncertainty measuresESTIMADO
07Fontes

De onde vêm as evidências.

Conjuntos de dados públicos nomeados e registros institucionais, cada um com sua classe de licença. As fontes obtidas por acordo só são usadas nos seus termos e nunca são republicadas.

FonteO que ofereceClasse de licença
Global Trade AlertTrade policy interventions by country and typePublic, terms to check
WTO trade monitoring reports and Integrated DatabaseTrade measures and applied tariffsPublic, WTO terms
OECD investment screening reportsInvestment screening mechanisms and activityPublic, OECD terms
Authority export control and sanções listsRestricted items, entities and countriesPublic records, licence per government
IMF and WTO analysis of fragmentação geoeconômicaEstimates of fragmentation costs and trade shiftsPublic, terms per publisher
08Decisões

Quem decide, e a que servem as evidências.

Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quem decideA perguntaEvidências a que esta página serve
Ministries of trade and foreign affairsHow to respond to and design trade measuresMeasure trackers; fragmentation scenarios
Firms with global supply chainsHow to adjust sourcing and investment to policy riskRerouting analyses; control lists
Multilateral institutionsHow to monitor and reduce fragmentation costsTrade monitoring evidence

Produtos que este tema gera

  • Trade measure trackers for products and partners of interest
  • Rerouting analyses of trade through third countries
  • Scenarios of fragmentation effects on supply
  • Evidence notes for trade policy dialogues
09Questões centrais

What experts ask about fragmentation.

  • How do restrictions change trade flows, and how much trade is rerouted through third countries?
  • Which products and sectors are most affected, and how quickly can supply be substituted?
  • What are the costs of fragmentation, and who bears them?
  • How do retaliatory measures and policy uncertainty affect investment and supply decisions?
  • How does fragmentation interact with energy transitions and technology development?
10Mecanismos e fatores

How restrictions transmit.

Trade measures change relative prices and access. Importers seek alternative suppliers; exporters seek new markets; and some trade is rerouted through intermediary countries. In the short run, substitution is limited by capacity, qualification requirements and contracts, so restrictions raise prices and cause shortages. In the long run, supply chains reorganise, sometimes at higher cost.

Uncertainty is itself a channel. When firms expect policy to change, they may delay investment, build buffers or duplicate supply chains. These responses can increase resilience but also reduce efficiency and raise prices.

Measures can spread. Restrictions by one country can prompt responses by others, and broad categories of goods, such as technology or critical minerals, may become subject to overlapping controls.

11Métodos e dados

Métodos e seus limites.

  1. 01

    Gravity and trade models

    Econometric models of bilateral trade used to estimate effects of measures, using econometria. Results depend on specification.

  2. 02

    Análise de insumo-produto

    Tracing how restrictions on one sector affect others. Aggregation hides firm-level substitution.

  3. 03

    Policy databases

    Records of trade measures by product and country. Classification and coverage differ between sources.

  4. 04

    Network scenarios

    Simulating the removal of trade links using ciência de redes. Behavioural responses are simplified.

Estimates of fragmentation costs vary widely with assumptions about substitution and adjustment time, and are presented with their ranges.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Os organismos e documentos à luz dos quais esta página é lida. O estado e as edições mudam; cada ligação leva ao organismo emissor.

14Perguntas

Perguntas e respostas.

What is geoeconomic fragmentation?
A policy-driven reversal of global economic integration, in which trade, investment and technology flows are restricted or redirected along geopolitical lines.
What is friend-shoring?
Relocating supply chains to politically aligned countries to reduce exposure to rivals, at some cost in efficiency.
Do sanctions stop trade?
They restrict it, but trade often reroutes through third countries. Measuring the effect requires tracing flows across several partners.
Does the platform take positions on sanctions or tariffs?
No. It analyses effects with transparent methods and leaves policy choices to the competent authorities.
Does it give compliance guidance?
No. Compliance questions belong with legal advisers and the relevant authorities.
Is fragmentation always harmful?
The topic examines both costs and resilience effects. Diversification can reduce some risks while raising costs.
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