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GCRI · Comercio y recursos estratégicos

Geoeconomía y fragmentación

Trade is increasingly shaped by security concerns: export controls, sanciones, investment screening, subsidies and tariffs that steer supply chains toward allies or home. These measures can reduce some dependencies while creating others, raising costs and splitting markets. This page sets out how fragmentación geoeconómica works, how it is measured, and what evidence serves the governments and firms that must navigate it.

02La pregunta

Geoeconomics and fragmentation: how the risk develops.

Restrictions, market transmission and substitution. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Measures restrict and redirect

Controles a la exportación, sanciones and tariffs block or tax trade with particular partners. Trade often reroutes through third countries rather than stopping.

Mecanismo

Subsidies relocate production

Industrial policies subsidise domestic or allied production of chips, batteries and clean technology. Others respond, and trade patterns shift over years.

Mecanismo

Blocs form along alignment

Trade and investment grow faster between politically aligned countries. Fragmentation reduces efficiency gains from specialisation and can raise prices.

Mecanismo

Retaliation compounds

Each measure invites a response. Escalating restrictions widen the set of goods affected and raise uncertainty for investment.

03Seguimiento

Seguimiento de corredores y puntos de estrangulamiento.

La pantalla que utilizaría un equipo para seguir esta materia: sus mediciones, estados y decisiones. Los nombres son ejemplos y los valores son ilustrativos.

Monitor de corredores y puntos de estrangulamiento

Geoeconomics and fragmentation · Corridor A · Week 28

  • Tiempo de tránsito
    22días9Alerta
  • Índice de fletes
    21431Vigilar
  • Buques desviados
    57esta semanaVigilar
  • Cobertura del inventario
    37díasNormal
Interrupción de un cuello de botellaGCRI · Comercio y recursos estratégicos

Corredores

rojo: interrumpido

Nodo ANodo BEstrechoCentro portuarioNodo ENodo FTerminalPunto de estrangulamientoN

Tiempo de recuperación frente a tiempo de supervivencia

por insumo crítico

FertilizantesEstrecho73Corto
CombustibleEstrecho54Cubierto
SemiconductoresCentro portuario2411Corto
GranoCorredor A28Cubierto
Corridor and chokepoint monitor: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Geoeconomics and fragmentation.Nombres de ejemplo y valores ilustrativos; un diseño, no un registro ni un sistema en vivo.
04En todos los dominios

Fragmentation changes costs and resilience across domains.

Fragmentation scenarios are designed for the Serie Perspectivas de prospectiva, labelled as scenarios. The IMF’s 2023 Staff Discussion Note and the WTO World Trade Report 2023 set out estimated costs and their wide ranges; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) takes no position on any dispute.

  • Cases where a restriction reached a supply chain.
  • Critiques of fragmentation scenarios.
05Métodos y evidencia

How geoeconomics and fragmentation is modelled, measured and tested.

El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.

Modelo de sistema

The couplings between the systems in geoeconomics and fragmentation: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+ComercioIndustriaComunidadesEconomíaR de refuerzoB equilibrio
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principios rectores FAIR · GO FAIR y FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientación para un tratamiento coherente de las incertidumbres · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sobre Satélites de Observación de la Tierra
06Indicadores

Qué se mide y con qué calidad.

Cada indicador lleva su unidad, su periodicidad, el tipo de fuente que lo respalda y la etiqueta de evidencia que llevaría un valor. No se muestran valores: un programa los aporta bajo su propia autoridad.

IndicadorUnidadCadenciaTipo de fuenteEtiqueta
Trade policy interventionscount of measures by typemensualTrade policy monitoring databasesNOTIFICADO
Trade between geopolitical blocsshare of total tradetrimestralBilateral trade data with bloc classificationESTIMADO
Goods covered by export controlscount of product codespor cambioGovernment control listsEstadísticas publicadas
Foreign direct investment screening decisionscount of reviews and blocksanualInvestment screening reportsEstadísticas publicadas
Average applied tariffpercentanualTariff databasesEstadísticas publicadas
Trade policy uncertaintyindex value from text analysismensualPublished uncertainty measuresESTIMADO
07Fuentes

De dónde procede la evidencia.

Conjuntos de datos públicos y registros institucionales identificados, cada uno con su tipo de licencia. Las fuentes obtenidas por acuerdo solo se utilizan conforme a sus condiciones y nunca se republican.

FuenteLo que aportaTipo de licencia
Global Trade AlertTrade policy interventions by country and typePublic, terms to check
WTO trade monitoring reports and Integrated DatabaseTrade measures and applied tariffsPublic, WTO terms
OECD investment screening reportsInvestment screening mechanisms and activityPublic, OECD terms
Authority export control and sanciones listsRestricted items, entities and countriesPublic records, licence per government
IMF and WTO analysis of fragmentación geoeconómicaEstimates of fragmentation costs and trade shiftsPublic, terms per publisher
08Decisiones

Quién decide y a qué sirve la evidencia.

Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quién decideLa preguntaEvidencia a la que sirve esta página
Ministries of trade and foreign affairsHow to respond to and design trade measuresMeasure trackers; fragmentation scenarios
Firms with global supply chainsHow to adjust sourcing and investment to policy riskRerouting analyses; control lists
Multilateral institutionsHow to monitor and reduce fragmentation costsTrade monitoring evidence

Productos que genera este tema

  • Trade measure trackers for products and partners of interest
  • Rerouting analyses of trade through third countries
  • Scenarios of fragmentation effects on supply
  • Evidence notes for trade policy dialogues
09Cuestiones centrales

What experts ask about fragmentation.

  • How do restrictions change trade flows, and how much trade is rerouted through third countries?
  • Which products and sectors are most affected, and how quickly can supply be substituted?
  • What are the costs of fragmentation, and who bears them?
  • How do retaliatory measures and policy uncertainty affect investment and supply decisions?
  • How does fragmentation interact with energy transitions and technology development?
10Mecanismos y factores impulsores

How restrictions transmit.

Trade measures change relative prices and access. Importers seek alternative suppliers; exporters seek new markets; and some trade is rerouted through intermediary countries. In the short run, substitution is limited by capacity, qualification requirements and contracts, so restrictions raise prices and cause shortages. In the long run, supply chains reorganise, sometimes at higher cost.

Uncertainty is itself a channel. When firms expect policy to change, they may delay investment, build buffers or duplicate supply chains. These responses can increase resilience but also reduce efficiency and raise prices.

Measures can spread. Restrictions by one country can prompt responses by others, and broad categories of goods, such as technology or critical minerals, may become subject to overlapping controls.

11Métodos y datos

Los métodos y sus límites.

  1. 01

    Gravity and trade models

    Econometric models of bilateral trade used to estimate effects of measures, using econometría. Results depend on specification.

  2. 02

    Análisis insumo-producto

    Tracing how restrictions on one sector affect others. Aggregation hides firm-level substitution.

  3. 03

    Policy databases

    Records of trade measures by product and country. Classification and coverage differ between sources.

  4. 04

    Network scenarios

    Simulating the removal of trade links using ciencia de redes. Behavioural responses are simplified.

Estimates of fragmentation costs vary widely with assumptions about substitution and adjustment time, and are presented with their ranges.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Los organismos y documentos con los que se lee esta página. El estado y las ediciones cambian; cada enlace lleva al organismo emisor.

14Preguntas

Preguntas y respuestas.

What is geoeconomic fragmentation?
A policy-driven reversal of global economic integration, in which trade, investment and technology flows are restricted or redirected along geopolitical lines.
What is friend-shoring?
Relocating supply chains to politically aligned countries to reduce exposure to rivals, at some cost in efficiency.
Do sanctions stop trade?
They restrict it, but trade often reroutes through third countries. Measuring the effect requires tracing flows across several partners.
Does the platform take positions on sanctions or tariffs?
No. It analyses effects with transparent methods and leaves policy choices to the competent authorities.
Does it give compliance guidance?
No. Compliance questions belong with legal advisers and the relevant authorities.
Is fragmentation always harmful?
The topic examines both costs and resilience effects. Diversification can reduce some risks while raising costs.
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