GCRI · التجارة والموارد الاستراتيجية

الجيواقتصاد والتجزؤ

Trade is increasingly shaped by security concerns: export controls, الجزاءات, investment screening, subsidies and tariffs that steer supply chains toward allies or home. These measures can reduce some dependencies while creating others, raising costs and splitting markets. This page sets out how التجزؤ الجيواقتصادي works, how it is measured, and what evidence serves the governments and firms that must navigate it.

02السؤال

Geoeconomics and fragmentation: how the risk develops.

Restrictions, market transmission and substitution. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

الآلية

Measures restrict and redirect

ضوابط التصدير و الجزاءات and tariffs block or tax trade with particular partners. Trade often reroutes through third countries rather than stopping.

الآلية

Subsidies relocate production

Industrial policies subsidise domestic or allied production of chips, batteries and clean technology. Others respond, and trade patterns shift over years.

الآلية

Blocs form along alignment

Trade and investment grow faster between politically aligned countries. Fragmentation reduces efficiency gains from specialisation and can raise prices.

الآلية

Retaliation compounds

Each measure invites a response. Escalating restrictions widen the set of goods affected and raise uncertainty for investment.

03الرصد

مرصد الممرات ونقاط الاختناق.

الشاشة التي قد يستخدمها فريق لمتابعة هذا الموضوع: مقاييسه وحالاته وقراراته. والأسماء أمثلة والقيم توضيحية.

مرصد الممرات ونقاط الاختناق

Geoeconomics and fragmentation · Corridor A · Week 28

  • زمن العبور
    22أيام9تنبيه
  • مؤشر الشحن
    21431مراقبة
  • تغيير مسار السفن
    57هذا الأسبوعمراقبة
  • تغطية الجرد
    37أيامعادي
تعطّل نقاط الاختناقGCRI · التجارة والموارد الاستراتيجية

الممرات

أحمر: مضطرب

المركز ⁨A⁩المركز ⁨B⁩مضيقمركز الميناءالمركز ⁨E⁩المركز ⁨F⁩محطةنقطة اختناقN

زمن التعافي مقابل زمن البقاء

بحسب المدخل الحرج

السمادمضيق73قصير
الوقودمضيق54مشمول
أشباه الموصلاتمركز الميناء2411قصير
الحبوبالممر ⁨A⁩28مشمول
Corridor and chokepoint monitor: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Geoeconomics and fragmentation.أسماء مثالية وقيم توضيحية؛ تصميم وليس سجلًا ولا نظامًا حيًا.
04عبر المجالات

Fragmentation changes costs and resilience across domains.

Fragmentation scenarios are designed for the سلسلة آفاق الاستشراف, labelled as scenarios. The IMF’s 2023 Staff Discussion Note and the WTO World Trade Report 2023 set out estimated costs and their wide ranges; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) takes no position on any dispute.

  • Cases where a restriction reached a supply chain.
  • Critiques of fragmentation scenarios.
05الأساليب والأدلة

How geoeconomics and fragmentation is modelled, measured and tested.

النموذج وافتراضاته وبياناته وعدم اليقين فيه، بالصورة التي يفحصها بها عالم أو مهندس. وتتبع البنى أساليب منشورة. والقيم المرسومة توضيحية، وليست نتائج.

نموذج النظام

The couplings between the systems in geoeconomics and fragmentation: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+التجارةالصناعةالمجتمعاتالاقتصاد⁨R⁩ معزِّزة⁨B⁩ موازِنة
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
مبادئ FAIR التوجيهية · GO FAIR وFORCE11⁨W3C PROV⁩ · اتحاد الشبكة العالميةإرشادات بشأن المعالجة المتسقة لأوجه عدم اليقين · الهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخبيانات CEOS الجاهزة للتحليل · لجنة سواتل رصد الأرض
06المؤشرات الفرعية

ما الذي يُقاس، ومدى جودة قياسه.

يحمل كل مؤشر وحدته ووتيرته ونوع المصدر الذي يستند إليه ووسم الأدلة الذي ستحمله القيمة. ولا تُعرض أي قيم: فالبرنامج يقدّمها بموجب سلطته الخاصة.

المؤشرالوحدةوتيرة الإصدارنوع المصدرالوسم
Trade policy interventionscount of measures by typeشهريTrade policy monitoring databasesمُبلَّغ عنه
Trade between geopolitical blocsshare of total tradeفصليBilateral trade data with bloc classificationمُقدَّر
Goods covered by export controlscount of product codesلكل تغييرGovernment control listsالإحصاءات المنشورة
Foreign direct investment screening decisionscount of reviews and blocksسنويInvestment screening reportsالإحصاءات المنشورة
Average applied tariffpercentسنويTariff databasesالإحصاءات المنشورة
Trade policy uncertaintyindex value from text analysisشهريPublished uncertainty measuresمُقدَّر
07المصادر

من أين تأتي الأدلة.

مجموعات بيانات عامة مسمّاة وسجلات مؤسسية، لكلٍّ منها فئة ترخيصها. ولا تُستخدم المصادر المتاحة بموجب اتفاق إلا وفق شروطها، ولا يُعاد نشرها أبدًا.

المصدرما يقدّمهفئة الترخيص
Global Trade AlertTrade policy interventions by country and typePublic, terms to check
WTO trade monitoring reports and Integrated DatabaseTrade measures and applied tariffsPublic, WTO terms
OECD investment screening reportsInvestment screening mechanisms and activityPublic, OECD terms
Authority export control and الجزاءات listsRestricted items, entities and countriesPublic records, licence per government
IMF and WTO analysis of التجزؤ الجيواقتصاديEstimates of fragmentation costs and trade shiftsPublic, terms per publisher
08القرارات

من يقرر، وما الذي تخدمه الأدلة.

Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

من يقررالسؤالالأدلة التي تخدمها هذه الصفحة
Ministries of trade and foreign affairsHow to respond to and design trade measuresMeasure trackers; fragmentation scenarios
Firms with global supply chainsHow to adjust sourcing and investment to policy riskRerouting analyses; control lists
Multilateral institutionsHow to monitor and reduce fragmentation costsTrade monitoring evidence

المخرجات التي يُنتجها هذا الموضوع

  • Trade measure trackers for products and partners of interest
  • Rerouting analyses of trade through third countries
  • Scenarios of fragmentation effects on supply
  • Evidence notes for trade policy dialogues
09الأسئلة الجوهرية

What experts ask about fragmentation.

  • How do restrictions change trade flows, and how much trade is rerouted through third countries?
  • Which products and sectors are most affected, and how quickly can supply be substituted?
  • What are the costs of fragmentation, and who bears them?
  • How do retaliatory measures and policy uncertainty affect investment and supply decisions?
  • How does fragmentation interact with energy transitions and technology development?
10الآليات والمحرّكات

How restrictions transmit.

Trade measures change relative prices and access. Importers seek alternative suppliers; exporters seek new markets; and some trade is rerouted through intermediary countries. In the short run, substitution is limited by capacity, qualification requirements and contracts, so restrictions raise prices and cause shortages. In the long run, supply chains reorganise, sometimes at higher cost.

Uncertainty is itself a channel. When firms expect policy to change, they may delay investment, build buffers or duplicate supply chains. These responses can increase resilience but also reduce efficiency and raise prices.

Measures can spread. Restrictions by one country can prompt responses by others, and broad categories of goods, such as technology or critical minerals, may become subject to overlapping controls.

11المناهج والبيانات

المناهج وحدودها.

  1. 01

    Gravity and trade models

    Econometric models of bilateral trade used to estimate effects of measures, using الاقتصاد القياسي. Results depend on specification.

  2. 02

    تحليل المدخلات والمخرجات

    Tracing how restrictions on one sector affect others. Aggregation hides firm-level substitution.

  3. 03

    Policy databases

    Records of trade measures by product and country. Classification and coverage differ between sources.

  4. 04

    Network scenarios

    Simulating the removal of trade links using علم الشبكات. Behavioural responses are simplified.

Estimates of fragmentation costs vary widely with assumptions about substitution and adjustment time, and are presented with their ranges.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

الهيئات والوثائق التي تُقرأ هذه الصفحة في ضوئها. وتتغير الحالات والإصدارات؛ ويقود كل رابط إلى الهيئة المُصدِرة.

14أسئلة

أسئلة وأجوبة.

What is geoeconomic fragmentation?
A policy-driven reversal of global economic integration, in which trade, investment and technology flows are restricted or redirected along geopolitical lines.
What is friend-shoring?
Relocating supply chains to politically aligned countries to reduce exposure to rivals, at some cost in efficiency.
Do sanctions stop trade?
They restrict it, but trade often reroutes through third countries. Measuring the effect requires tracing flows across several partners.
Does the platform take positions on sanctions or tariffs?
No. It analyses effects with transparent methods and leaves policy choices to the competent authorities.
Does it give compliance guidance?
No. Compliance questions belong with legal advisers and the relevant authorities.
Is fragmentation always harmful?
The topic examines both costs and resilience effects. Diversification can reduce some risks while raising costs.
التقاريرساهم

ساهم بأدلة من هذه الصفحة.

التقارير is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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