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GCRI · Commercio e risorse strategiche

Geoeconomia e frammentazione

Trade is increasingly shaped by security concerns: export controls, sanzioni, investment screening, subsidies and tariffs that steer supply chains toward allies or home. These measures can reduce some dependencies while creating others, raising costs and splitting markets. This page sets out how frammentazione geoeconomica works, how it is measured, and what evidence serves the governments and firms that must navigate it.

02La domanda

Geoeconomics and fragmentation: how the risk develops.

Restrictions, market transmission and substitution. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Meccanismo

Measures restrict and redirect

Controlli all'esportazione, sanzioni and tariffs block or tax trade with particular partners. Trade often reroutes through third countries rather than stopping.

Meccanismo

Subsidies relocate production

Industrial policies subsidise domestic or allied production of chips, batteries and clean technology. Others respond, and trade patterns shift over years.

Meccanismo

Blocs form along alignment

Trade and investment grow faster between politically aligned countries. Fragmentation reduces efficiency gains from specialisation and can raise prices.

Meccanismo

Retaliation compounds

Each measure invites a response. Escalating restrictions widen the set of goods affected and raise uncertainty for investment.

03Monitoraggio

Monitoraggio di corridoi e punti di strozzatura.

La schermata che un gruppo utilizzerebbe per seguire questo tema: misure, stati e decisioni. I nomi sono esempi e i valori sono illustrativi.

Monitor di corridoi e strozzature

Geoeconomics and fragmentation · Corridor A · Week 28

  • Tempo di transito
    22giorni9Allerta
  • Indice dei noli
    21431Attenzione
  • Navi deviate
    57questa settimanaAttenzione
  • Copertura dell'inventario
    37giorniNormale
Interruzione dei punti di strozzaturaGCRI · Commercio e risorse strategiche

Corridoi

rosso: interrotto

Hub AHub BStrettoHub portualeHub EHub FTerminaleStrozzaturaN

Tempo di ripresa rispetto al tempo di sopravvivenza

per input critico

FertilizzantiStretto73Breve
CarburanteStretto54Coperto
SemiconduttoriHub portuale2411Breve
CerealiCorridoio A28Coperto
Corridor and chokepoint monitor: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Geoeconomics and fragmentation.Nomi di esempio e valori illustrativi; un progetto, non un registro né un sistema attivo.
04Tra i domini

Fragmentation changes costs and resilience across domains.

Fragmentation scenarios are designed for the Serie Prospettive di previsione, labelled as scenarios. The IMF’s 2023 Staff Discussion Note and the WTO World Trade Report 2023 set out estimated costs and their wide ranges; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) takes no position on any dispute.

  • Cases where a restriction reached a supply chain.
  • Critiques of fragmentation scenarios.
05Metodi ed evidenze

How geoeconomics and fragmentation is modelled, measured and tested.

Il modello, le sue ipotesi, i suoi dati e la sua incertezza, nella forma in cui uno scienziato o un ingegnere li verificherebbe. Le strutture seguono metodi pubblicati. I valori rappresentati sono illustrativi, non risultati.

Modello di sistema

The couplings between the systems in geoeconomics and fragmentation: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+CommercioIndustriaComunitàEconomiaR di rinforzoB bilanciamento
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principi guida FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comitato sui satelliti per l'osservazione della Terra
06Indicatori

Cosa viene misurato e con quale accuratezza.

Ogni indicatore riporta la sua unità, la sua cadenza, il tipo di fonte su cui si basa e l'etichetta di evidenza che un valore riporterebbe. Non sono mostrati valori: un programma li fornisce sotto la propria autorità.

IndicatoreUnitàCadenzaTipo di fonteEtichetta
Trade policy interventionscount of measures by typemensileTrade policy monitoring databasesRIPORTATO
Trade between geopolitical blocsshare of total tradetrimestraleBilateral trade data with bloc classificationSTIMATO
Goods covered by export controlscount of product codesper modificaGovernment control listsStatistiche pubblicate
Foreign direct investment screening decisionscount of reviews and blocksannualeInvestment screening reportsStatistiche pubblicate
Average applied tariffpercentannualeTariff databasesStatistiche pubblicate
Trade policy uncertaintyindex value from text analysismensilePublished uncertainty measuresSTIMATO
07Fonti

Da dove provengono le evidenze.

Set di dati pubblici e registri istituzionali specifici, ciascuno con la sua classe di licenza. Le fonti soggette ad accordo sono utilizzate solo alle relative condizioni e mai ripubblicate.

FonteCosa fornisceClasse di licenza
Global Trade AlertTrade policy interventions by country and typePublic, terms to check
WTO trade monitoring reports and Integrated DatabaseTrade measures and applied tariffsPublic, WTO terms
OECD investment screening reportsInvestment screening mechanisms and activityPublic, OECD terms
Authority export control and sanzioni listsRestricted items, entities and countriesPublic records, licence per government
IMF and WTO analysis of frammentazione geoeconomicaEstimates of fragmentation costs and trade shiftsPublic, terms per publisher
08Decisioni

Chi decide, e a cosa servono le evidenze.

Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Chi decideLa domandaEvidenze fornite da questa pagina
Ministries of trade and foreign affairsHow to respond to and design trade measuresMeasure trackers; fragmentation scenarios
Firms with global supply chainsHow to adjust sourcing and investment to policy riskRerouting analyses; control lists
Multilateral institutionsHow to monitor and reduce fragmentation costsTrade monitoring evidence

Output prodotti da questo argomento

  • Trade measure trackers for products and partners of interest
  • Rerouting analyses of trade through third countries
  • Scenarios of fragmentation effects on supply
  • Evidence notes for trade policy dialogues
09Questioni centrali

What experts ask about fragmentation.

  • How do restrictions change trade flows, and how much trade is rerouted through third countries?
  • Which products and sectors are most affected, and how quickly can supply be substituted?
  • What are the costs of fragmentation, and who bears them?
  • How do retaliatory measures and policy uncertainty affect investment and supply decisions?
  • How does fragmentation interact with energy transitions and technology development?
10Meccanismi e fattori

How restrictions transmit.

Trade measures change relative prices and access. Importers seek alternative suppliers; exporters seek new markets; and some trade is rerouted through intermediary countries. In the short run, substitution is limited by capacity, qualification requirements and contracts, so restrictions raise prices and cause shortages. In the long run, supply chains reorganise, sometimes at higher cost.

Uncertainty is itself a channel. When firms expect policy to change, they may delay investment, build buffers or duplicate supply chains. These responses can increase resilience but also reduce efficiency and raise prices.

Measures can spread. Restrictions by one country can prompt responses by others, and broad categories of goods, such as technology or critical minerals, may become subject to overlapping controls.

11Metodi e dati

Metodi e loro limiti.

  1. 01

    Gravity and trade models

    Econometric models of bilateral trade used to estimate effects of measures, using econometria. Results depend on specification.

  2. 02

    Analisi input-output

    Tracing how restrictions on one sector affect others. Aggregation hides firm-level substitution.

  3. 03

    Policy databases

    Records of trade measures by product and country. Classification and coverage differ between sources.

  4. 04

    Network scenarios

    Simulating the removal of trade links using scienza delle reti. Behavioural responses are simplified.

Estimates of fragmentation costs vary widely with assumptions about substitution and adjustment time, and are presented with their ranges.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Gli organismi e i documenti alla luce dei quali si legge questa pagina. Stato ed edizioni cambiano; ogni link porta all'organismo emittente.

14Domande

Domande e risposte.

What is geoeconomic fragmentation?
A policy-driven reversal of global economic integration, in which trade, investment and technology flows are restricted or redirected along geopolitical lines.
What is friend-shoring?
Relocating supply chains to politically aligned countries to reduce exposure to rivals, at some cost in efficiency.
Do sanctions stop trade?
They restrict it, but trade often reroutes through third countries. Measuring the effect requires tracing flows across several partners.
Does the platform take positions on sanctions or tariffs?
No. It analyses effects with transparent methods and leaves policy choices to the competent authorities.
Does it give compliance guidance?
No. Compliance questions belong with legal advisers and the relevant authorities.
Is fragmentation always harmful?
The topic examines both costs and resilience effects. Diversification can reduce some risks while raising costs.
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Rapporti is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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