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GCRI · Handel und strategische Ressourcen

Geoökonomie und Fragmentierung

Trade is increasingly shaped by security concerns: export controls, Sanktions, investment screening, subsidies and tariffs that steer supply chains toward allies or home. These measures can reduce some dependencies while creating others, raising costs and splitting markets. This page sets out how geoökonomische Fragmentierung works, how it is measured, and what evidence serves the governments and firms that must navigate it.

02Die Frage

Geoeconomics and fragmentation: how the risk develops.

Restrictions, market transmission and substitution. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mechanismus

Measures restrict and redirect

Ausfuhrkontrollen, Sanktions and tariffs block or tax trade with particular partners. Trade often reroutes through third countries rather than stopping.

Mechanismus

Subsidies relocate production

Industrial policies subsidise domestic or allied production of chips, batteries and clean technology. Others respond, and trade patterns shift over years.

Mechanismus

Blocs form along alignment

Trade and investment grow faster between politically aligned countries. Fragmentation reduces efficiency gains from specialisation and can raise prices.

Mechanismus

Retaliation compounds

Each measure invites a response. Escalating restrictions widen the set of goods affected and raise uncertainty for investment.

03Monitoring

Überwachung von Korridoren und Nadelöhren.

Die Ansicht, die ein Team nutzen würde, um dieses Thema zu verfolgen: seine Messgrößen, Zustände und Entscheidungen. Namen sind Beispiele, Werte sind illustrativ.

Monitor für Korridore und Nadelöhre

Geoeconomics and fragmentation · Corridor A · Week 28

  • Transitzeit
    22Tage9Alarm
  • Frachtindex
    21431Beobachtung
  • Schiffe umgeleitet
    57diese WocheBeobachtung
  • Abdeckung des Bestands
    37TageNormal
Störung von EngpässenGCRI · Handel und strategische Ressourcen

Korridore

rot: gestört

Knoten AKnoten BMeerengeHafendrehkreuzHub EKnoten FTerminalNadelöhrN

Erholungszeit gegenüber Überlebenszeit

nach kritischem Input

DüngemittelMeerenge73Kurz
BrennstoffMeerenge54Abgedeckt
HalbleiterHafendrehkreuz2411Kurz
GetreideKorridor A28Abgedeckt
Corridor and chokepoint monitor: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Geoeconomics and fragmentation.Beispielnamen und beispielhafte Werte; ein Entwurf, kein Eintrag und kein Live-System.
04Domänenübergreifend

Fragmentation changes costs and resilience across domains.

Fragmentation scenarios are designed for the Reihe Foresight-Ausblick, labelled as scenarios. The IMF’s 2023 Staff Discussion Note and the WTO World Trade Report 2023 set out estimated costs and their wide ranges; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) takes no position on any dispute.

  • Cases where a restriction reached a supply chain.
  • Critiques of fragmentation scenarios.
05Methoden und Evidenz

How geoeconomics and fragmentation is modelled, measured and tested.

Das Modell, seine Annahmen, seine Daten und seine Unsicherheit in der Form, in der eine Wissenschaftlerin oder ein Ingenieur sie prüfen würde. Die Strukturen folgen veröffentlichten Methoden. Die dargestellten Werte sind illustrativ, keine Befunde.

Systemmodell

The couplings between the systems in geoeconomics and fragmentation: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+HandelIndustrieGemeinschaftenWirtschaftR verstärkendB ausgleichend
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR-Leitprinzipien · GO FAIR und FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumHinweise zur einheitlichen Behandlung von Unsicherheiten · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
06Indikatoren

Was gemessen wird und wie gut.

Jeder Indikator trägt seine Einheit, seinen Rhythmus, die Art der zugrunde liegenden Quelle und die Evidenzkennzeichnung, die ein Wert tragen würde. Es werden keine Werte gezeigt: Ein Programm liefert sie unter seiner eigenen Autorität.

IndikatorEinheitTaktQuellentypKennzeichnung
Trade policy interventionscount of measures by typemonatlichTrade policy monitoring databasesBERICHTET
Trade between geopolitical blocsshare of total tradevierteljährlichBilateral trade data with bloc classificationGESCHÄTZT
Goods covered by export controlscount of product codesje ÄnderungGovernment control listsVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Foreign direct investment screening decisionscount of reviews and blocksjährlichInvestment screening reportsVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Average applied tariffpercentjährlichTariff databasesVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Trade policy uncertaintyindex value from text analysismonatlichPublished uncertainty measuresGESCHÄTZT
07Quellen

Woher die Evidenz stammt.

Benannte öffentliche Datensätze und institutionelle Aufzeichnungen, jeweils mit ihrer Lizenzklasse. Quellen auf Vereinbarungsbasis werden nur zu ihren Bedingungen genutzt und niemals weiterveröffentlicht.

QuelleWas es liefertLizenzklasse
Global Trade AlertTrade policy interventions by country and typePublic, terms to check
WTO trade monitoring reports and Integrated DatabaseTrade measures and applied tariffsPublic, WTO terms
OECD investment screening reportsInvestment screening mechanisms and activityPublic, OECD terms
Authority export control and Sanktions listsRestricted items, entities and countriesPublic records, licence per government
IMF and WTO analysis of geoökonomische FragmentierungEstimates of fragmentation costs and trade shiftsPublic, terms per publisher
08Entscheidungen

Wer entscheidet und wozu die Evidenz dient.

Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Wer entscheidetDie FrageEvidenz, der diese Seite dient
Ministries of trade and foreign affairsHow to respond to and design trade measuresMeasure trackers; fragmentation scenarios
Firms with global supply chainsHow to adjust sourcing and investment to policy riskRerouting analyses; control lists
Multilateral institutionsHow to monitor and reduce fragmentation costsTrade monitoring evidence

Ergebnisse, die dieses Thema hervorbringt

  • Trade measure trackers for products and partners of interest
  • Rerouting analyses of trade through third countries
  • Scenarios of fragmentation effects on supply
  • Evidence notes for trade policy dialogues
09Kernfragen

What experts ask about fragmentation.

  • How do restrictions change trade flows, and how much trade is rerouted through third countries?
  • Which products and sectors are most affected, and how quickly can supply be substituted?
  • What are the costs of fragmentation, and who bears them?
  • How do retaliatory measures and policy uncertainty affect investment and supply decisions?
  • How does fragmentation interact with energy transitions and technology development?
10Mechanismen und Treiber

How restrictions transmit.

Trade measures change relative prices and access. Importers seek alternative suppliers; exporters seek new markets; and some trade is rerouted through intermediary countries. In the short run, substitution is limited by capacity, qualification requirements and contracts, so restrictions raise prices and cause shortages. In the long run, supply chains reorganise, sometimes at higher cost.

Uncertainty is itself a channel. When firms expect policy to change, they may delay investment, build buffers or duplicate supply chains. These responses can increase resilience but also reduce efficiency and raise prices.

Measures can spread. Restrictions by one country can prompt responses by others, and broad categories of goods, such as technology or critical minerals, may become subject to overlapping controls.

11Methoden und Daten

Methoden und ihre Grenzen.

  1. 01

    Gravity and trade models

    Econometric models of bilateral trade used to estimate effects of measures, using Ökonometrie. Results depend on specification.

  2. 02

    Input-Output-Analyse

    Tracing how restrictions on one sector affect others. Aggregation hides firm-level substitution.

  3. 03

    Policy databases

    Records of trade measures by product and country. Classification and coverage differ between sources.

  4. 04

    Network scenarios

    Simulating the removal of trade links using Netzwerkwissenschaft. Behavioural responses are simplified.

Estimates of fragmentation costs vary widely with assumptions about substitution and adjustment time, and are presented with their ranges.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Die Gremien und Dokumente, vor deren Hintergrund diese Seite gelesen wird. Status und Ausgaben ändern sich; jeder Link führt zur herausgebenden Stelle.

14Fragen

Fragen und Antworten.

What is geoeconomic fragmentation?
A policy-driven reversal of global economic integration, in which trade, investment and technology flows are restricted or redirected along geopolitical lines.
What is friend-shoring?
Relocating supply chains to politically aligned countries to reduce exposure to rivals, at some cost in efficiency.
Do sanctions stop trade?
They restrict it, but trade often reroutes through third countries. Measuring the effect requires tracing flows across several partners.
Does the platform take positions on sanctions or tariffs?
No. It analyses effects with transparent methods and leaves policy choices to the competent authorities.
Does it give compliance guidance?
No. Compliance questions belong with legal advisers and the relevant authorities.
Is fragmentation always harmful?
The topic examines both costs and resilience effects. Diversification can reduce some risks while raising costs.
BerichteBeitragen

Evidenz von dieser Seite aus beitragen.

Berichte is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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