GCRI · 贸易与战略资源
贸易走廊与咽喉要道
A large share of world trade passes through a small number of straits, canals and ports. When one of them closes or slows, ships reroute around continents, freight rates and transit times rise, and shortages travel far from the event. This page sets out how chokepoints concentrate trade, how disruptions propagate, how corridor exposure is measured, and what evidence serves the governments and firms that depend on these routes.
Trade corridors and chokepoints in seven parts.
Trade corridors and chokepoints: how the risk develops.
Ports, straits, rail and supply corridors. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Geography concentrates routes
Shipping follows the shortest safe paths between producers and markets, which funnel through straits and canals. Alternatives exist but add distance, fuel, time and cost.
Many causes can close a route
Groundings, drought lowering canal water levels, conflict, piracy and storms have all disrupted chokepoints. The cause matters less than the duration and the capacity of alternatives.
Disruption ripples through networks
Rerouted ships arrive late and out of sequence, containers end up in the wrong places and port congestion spreads. Effects continue for weeks after the route reopens.
Costs pass to importers
Higher freight and insurance costs feed into prices of goods, with the largest effects on import-dependent and distant economies.
马六甲海峡的活动与危害。
马六甲海峡的夜间灯光、人口密度和海洋热浪，来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页的活动与危害
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2）（NASA LAADS DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星辐射亮度，已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度；灯光是用电和停电的替代指标，并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11（NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN））
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC（哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN）
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null；基于人口普查的估算，静态（2020）
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算，作为风险暴露背景展示；不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口）
- 来源
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色（NASA OB.DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA OB.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星反演；云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海面附近叶绿素 a 的卫星估算值，是浮游生物和海洋生产力的指标；不衡量渔业资源或有害藻华。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作，地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。
活动与危害，以马六甲海峡为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。
数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光，NASA 戈达德航天中心；由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统（LAADS DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析，NASA 喷气推进实验室；由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC（PO.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色，NASA 海洋生物处理组；由 NASA Ocean Biology DAAC（OB.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
- Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层（图层列表中有 7 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报是模型输出，派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 夜间灯光，每日：VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2），NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 人口密度，2020 年：人口：哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN，世界网格化人口 v4.11（2018），NASA SEDAC， CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 海面温度距平：GHRSST MUR25，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 海洋叶绿素 a 浓度：MODIS Aqua 海洋水色，NASA OB.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
Chokepoints concentrate the trade that every domain relies on.
- 食品耦合Grain and fertiliser pass through a few straits and canals.What to watchShare of food imports through each route
- 能源耦合Oil and liquefied gas cargoes follow the same chokepoints.What to watchRerouting time and cost
- 水耦合Low water in canals and rivers restricts shipping, as the Panama Canal showed in 2023 and 2024.What to watchDraught restrictions on waterways
Route disruption scenarios are designed for the 情景与压力测试系列. UNCTAD’s Review of Maritime Transport 2024 documents the effects of Red Sea diversions and Panama Canal restrictions on distances and costs.
- Port and canal transit records with dates.
- Rerouting cost estimates with methods.
走廊与咽喉要道监测。
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
走廊与咽喉要道监测器
Trade corridors and chokepoints · Corridor A · Week 48
- 通行时间21天6警报
- 货运指数1968关注
- 船舶已改道61本周关注
- 清单覆盖率32天正常
走廊
红色：已中断
恢复时间与生存时间
按关键投入品
| 化肥 | 海峡 | 13 | 6 | 短 |
| 燃料 | 海峡 | 8 | 6 | 已覆盖 |
| 半导体 | 港口枢纽 | 28 | 6 | 短 |
| 谷物 | 走廊 A | 6 | 11 | 已覆盖 |
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transit calls through a chokepoint | vessel transits per day | 每日 | Satellite automatic identification system data | 观测 |
| Trade volume through a chokepoint | tonnes per period | 每周 | Vessel tracking with cargo estimates | 估算 |
| Share of a country’s trade exposed to a chokepoint | percent of trade value | 年度 | Trade and routing analysis | 估算 |
| Additional voyage distance when rerouted | nautical miles | per route | Route modelling | 模型生成 |
| Container freight rate | currency per forty-foot container | 每周 | Published freight indices | 已报告 |
| Port waiting time | hours | 每周 | Vessel tracking | 观测 |
冲击在投入产出经济中的传播。
一个部门的产出损失通过技术系数传导至其供应商和客户，并按您设定的速率恢复；这些系数是教学数值，不是国民账户。这是带有明示示意数值的教学模型，不是预测。本页地图显示马六甲海峡；模型本身不与任何地点绑定。
控制措施
- 最先受冲击的部门（在列表中的位置）
- 0
- 冲击规模
- 其产出的 30%
- 冲击持续时间
- 30 days
- 恢复速率
- 每天 0.08
- 模拟天数
- 180 days
读数
- 运行期间损失的产出
- 0.44% of a year’s output
- 总量与直接量之比（乘数）
- 1.53 times
- 受影响最大的其他部门
- 交通与港口
- 其峰值不可运行性
- 2.5%
数字、方法与来源
| 部门 | 峰值不可运行性（%） | 产出权重（%） |
|---|---|---|
| 农业 | 29.38 | 9.9 |
| 能源 | 0.85 | 19.8 |
| 制造业 | 2.31 | 10.4 |
| 交通与港口 | 2.48 | 17.0 |
| 贸易 | 1.66 | 21.4 |
| 服务 | 0.32 | 21.4 |
方法
- 投入产出分析 Leontief (1936); Miller and Blair (2009), Input-Output Analysis, Cambridge University Press
- 不可运行性投入产出模型 Haimes and Jiang (2001), Journal of Infrastructure Systems 7
- 动态不可运行性与恢复 Lian and Haimes (2006), Systems Engineering 9
- 不确定性扇形图（参数蒙特卡罗） Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- 单因素敏感性（龙卷风图） Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
数据
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- 海港 Natural Earth
- 海上咽喉要道 Nexus（按公布坐标标注的指定海峡和运河）
- 铁路 Natural Earth
- 主要道路 Natural Earth
贯穿六大支柱，由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| IMF PortWatch | Port and chokepoint activity estimated from satellite vessel tracking | Public, IMF terms (to check) |
| UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport and UNCTADstat | Maritime trade, fleet and port statistics | Public, UNCTAD terms (to check) |
| UN Comtrade | Bilateral trade by product and partner | Free access with limits, UN terms |
| Suez Canal Authority and Panama Canal Authority statistics | Published transits and tonnage | 公共记录，条款因主管机构而异 |
| World Bank and UNCTAD studies on chokepoint disruption | Analysis of rerouting and costs | Licence per publication |
Model trade corridors and chokepoints as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 供应链与贸易风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI（语法、旧编码对照、分配机构）NS-9情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）NS-10政策和条款（机器可读的义务：定义、约束、评估和执行）NS-11验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）NS-12软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品（供应链、模型卡、数据集说明）NRS-H60危害类别：供应链与流动中断（NHS-1 sys.supply-chain）NRS-X4贸易、运输与供应链风险NRS-H89危害类别：交通网络中断（NHS-1 infra.mobility）NRS-K38领域包概况：供应链与贸易（DOMAIN-038）NRS-H43危害族：畜牧业和水产养殖动物疫病（NHS-1 health.animal-health）NRS-M10方法结构：市场、贸易与供应链
观测
- IMF PortWatch port activity and chokepoint disruptions (listed for reference)
- Global Supply Chain Pressure Index (listed for reference)
- OECD Data Explorer（SDMX API）（仅列作参考）
- World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API（仅列作参考）
- Developing countries’ and least developed countries’ share of global exports
- Passenger and freight volumes, by mode of transport
示例地理范围
- The Strait of Malacca: 227 hexagonal cells
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水，30 m（OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达），NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率（IMERG），NASA GIBS
- 地表土壤湿度（SMAP），NASA GIBS
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Ministries of trade and transport | How exposed national trade is to each chokepoint and what alternatives exist | Exposure profiles; rerouting scenarios |
| Importers and shippers | How to plan inventory and routes around chokepoint risk | Disruption timelines; freight evidence |
| Port authorities | What capacity to plan for diverted traffic | Rerouting scenarios |
该主题产生的产出
- Chokepoint exposure profiles by country and product
- Rerouting scenarios with distance and time added
- Disruption timelines reconstructed from vessel data
- Evidence notes for trade and transport ministries
How trade corridors and chokepoints is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in trade corridors and chokepoints: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
What experts ask about corridors.
- Which corridors carry flows that have no practical alternative in the short term?
- What hazards, such as storms, drought, conflict or cyber incidents, threaten each corridor?
- How much spare capacity do alternative routes, ports and modes have?
- How long does it take for a closure to affect prices, inventories and production?
- Which countries and sectors are most exposed to each chokepoint?
Why chokepoints concentrate risk.
Geography and economics both favour concentration. Straits and canals shorten journeys dramatically; large ports gain scale economies and attract more services; and container shipping is organised around hub-and-spoke networks. The result is a system in which a few nodes and links carry a disproportionate share of traffic.
When a chokepoint is disrupted, the direct effect is delay and rerouting. Indirect effects follow: vessels and containers end up in the wrong places, freight rates rise, schedules break down, and ports on alternative routes become congested. Recovery can take much longer than the disruption itself because the network needs time to rebalance.
Physical climate risk is increasingly relevant. Drought can lower water levels in canals and rivers, limiting vessel draft; storms and 海平面上升 affect port operations; and heat can affect rail and road infrastructure.
方法及其局限。
- 01
贸易走廊 GIS
Spatial mapping of routes, ports and hazard exposure using 地理空间信息系统. Accuracy depends on the quality of route and asset data.
- 02
Vessel tracking data
Automatic identification system records of ship movements. Coverage gaps and deliberate signal switching limit completeness.
- 03
Network models
Graph models of shipping and rail networks using 网络科学 to test the effect of removing nodes. They simplify operational behaviour.
- 04
Transport capacity analysis
Engineering assessment of port, rail and road throughput using transport engineering. Capacity under stress is hard to observe in advance.
Models show which disruptions would matter most, not when they will occur. Data on cargo values and contents are often commercially confidential.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is a maritime chokepoint?
Why do disruptions last after a route reopens?
How is chokepoint traffic measured?
Does the platform rank chokepoints by danger?
Are land routes included?
Can I contribute route or port data?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- 电子邮件网关 GW-GCRI从本页发送证据、更正、案例、方法、审查、翻译或概况投稿。它会带上本页标签送达，由负责的编辑接收。
- Zenodo开放存缴存缴并提交到社区用您的 ORCID iD 在 Zenodo 上发布您自己的记录，然后提交到那里的 Reports 社区。由策展人审核；DOI 仍归您所有。
- 报告GCRI查看所有贡献方式贡献类型、各自的评审方式、您获得的署名、许可协议，以及绝不接受的内容。
切勿发送个人数据、敏感基础设施细节或您无权分享的任何内容。贡献在使用前会经过审查；发送贡献不赋予署名权或编辑权，赞助也绝不能换取研究结论。
法律文件。
本网站上的地图、数据和图表仅作为背景和一般信息展示。它们不是建议、预测或预警；信息的局限见免责声明和数据说明。