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GCRIClimate and HazardsIn development
STEM foundation

STEM foundation of Climate and Hazards

The science, technology, engineering and mathematics Climate and Hazards rests on. Each method has a canonical page in the STEM Commons, hosted by GCRI, and a page here on how it is applied in this field.

Publisher
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation
Field
Climate and hazards, Disaster and crisis
Canvas · methods feeding this platformDesign, not a record
STEM foundation of Climate and Hazards: risk as hazard, exposure and vulnerabilityRisk arises from the interaction of hazard, exposure and vulnerability (sensitivity and adaptive capacity); responses act on each driver and leave a residual risk that is monitored. Design of the process, not a record of a run.

Fig.The methods this platform draws on and what each one feeds. Design, not a record.

01In brief

The short answer.

The Climate and Hazards STEM foundation is the set of canonical methods its findings depend on, from climate and atmospheric science to space systems and satellite services. For the Consortium, Climate and Hazards stewards three of them, among them climate and atmospheric science as well as Earth and geophysical science. Each method has a canonical STEM Commons page and a page here on its use in the climate and hazards field.

02Geography

Climate signals in World.

For STEM foundation of climate and hazards, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on daytime surface heat, flood water, rain and true-colour imagery with a past-year temperature chart at the centre, framed on World; 2 further NASA layers wait in the list.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 4

Climate signals, for this page

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

For STEM foundation of climate and hazards, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on daytime surface heat, flood water, rain and true-colour imagery with a past-year temperature chart at the centre, framed on World; 2 further NASA layers wait in the list.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · GDACS · Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2ASources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • GHRSST Level 4 MUR analyses, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; distributed by the NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC (PO.DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
  • Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not official warnings.
  • Live: GDACS (EC JRC / UN OCHA) Events are indicative, not official warnings.
  • Observed (EO): Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026), Microsoft Planetary Computer
  • Optional layers (24 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026
  • Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC · 12 Oct 2026
  • Sea surface temperature anomaly: GHRSST MUR25, NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
  • True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Active fires and thermal anomalies, last day: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Oct 2026

03Methods

The methods behind the field.

  1. Climate and atmospheric scienceDetection and attribution of change · Extreme event attribution · Process-based model evaluationSteward · Climate and HazardsApplied here
  2. Earth and geophysical scienceSeismic source characterisation · Ground deformation monitoring · Site condition mappingSteward · Climate and HazardsApplied here
  3. Forecasting and time-series analysisEnsemble forecast interpretation · Seasonal outlook use · Forecast verificationSteward · Climate and HazardsApplied here
  4. Extreme value theory and tail riskReturn level estimation · Non-stationary extremes · Regional frequency analysisSteward · Reinsurance and CatastropheApplied here
  5. Earth observation and remote sensingFlood extent mapping · Vegetation and drought monitoring · Active fire and burned areaSteward · Space and Earth ObservationApplied here
  6. Spatial statistics and geostatisticsInterpolating station data · Merging satellite and gauge data · Spatial clustering of eventsSteward · Space and Earth ObservationApplied here
  7. High-performance, cloud and edge computingRunning and storing ensembles · Analysis near the data · Edge processing for observationsSteward · Data and ComputeApplied here
  8. Hydrology and water scienceCatchment flood modelling · Drought propagation · Flood frequency with changing climateSteward · Water NexusApplied here
  9. Ocean and coastal scienceExtreme sea-level analysis · Marine heatwave detection · Climate mode monitoringSteward · Oceans and CoastsApplied here
  10. Space systems and satellite servicesObservation continuity planning · Satellite communications for warningsSteward · Space and Earth ObservationApplied here
04Method mix

Why hazard needs this combination of methods.

Hazard science combines climate science and geoscience for the physics, ocean science and hydrology for coasts and rivers, forecasting and extreme value statistics for likelihood, Earth observation and space systems for monitoring, and computing for ensembles.

05Why it matters

Grounding makes claims checkable.

When a finding names the methods it depends on, a reader can see its assumptions and limits, and an expert in that method can challenge it.

06Key terms

Terms used on this page.

Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.

TermDefinition
STEM CommonsThe shared reference of science, technology, engineering and mathematics methods for the Nexus network, hosted by GCRI, with one canonical page per method and a named steward platform.
Steward platformThe platform that maintains the canonical description of a method in the STEM Commons and reviews how other platforms apply it.
Climate and atmospheric scienceClimate science studies the physical processes that govern the atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere and land surface over seasons to centuries.
Earth and geophysical scienceGeoscience studies the composition, structure and dynamics of the solid Earth, including earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and subsurface resources.
07Sources

Where this page's references lead.

The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.

09Questions

Questions and answers.

What is a steward platform?
The platform that maintains the canonical description of a method and reviews how it is applied across the Consortium.
Climate and Hazards

Bring your expertise to this field.

The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.