G-P18 · NETWORK · interdependenciesGCRI dossier · service level R0
GCRIDigital Public InfrastructureIn development
Digital Public Infrastructure · Dependencies and consequences

Dependencies and consequences

Digital public infrastructure depends on electricity, telecommunications, cloud computing, cryptography, skilled staff and public trust, and a growing range of services depend on it in turn. This page maps those links, shows how failures in DPI travel into social and economic harm and names the platforms across the Consortium that study, govern or finance the connected systems.

Publisher
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation
Field
Digital public infrastructure, Cyber and digital resilience
Status
In development
Service level
R0: information and enquiries

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 3

Connected activity, for this page

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

For dependencies and consequences, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on night lights, population density and true-colour imagery with true colour from NASA GIBS, framed on India; every other NASA layer, live feed and forecast waits in the layer list.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A · NASA HLS S30Sources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
  • Observed (EO): Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026), Microsoft Planetary Computer
  • Observed (EO): NASA HLS S30 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Optional layers (35 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
  • Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
  • True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • Enhanced vegetation index, rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra EVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Vegetation greenness (NDVI), rolling 8 days: MODIS Terra NDVI, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026

GeographyFor dependencies and consequences, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on night lights, population density and true-colour imagery with true colour from NASA GIBS, framed on India; every other NASA layer, live feed and forecast waits in the layer list.

STEM methods
6
Canonical methods this field applies
Topics
8
Subject pages in the field
Counterparts
5
Platforms in shared fields at GCRI, GRF and GRA
Report series
2
Nexus Reports series it contributes to
01In brief

The short answer.

Dependencies and consequences in Digital Public Infrastructure describe how digital public infrastructure as well as cyber and digital resilience connect to other systems through physical, economic, social and ecological links, and how stress travels along them toward fields such as those of AI and Digital Governance and Fintech Nexus. Every dependency map states its assumptions, data and uncertainty; it describes connections, not a forecast.

02Canvas

One field, three institutions.

Canvas · one field, three institutionsDesign, not a record
One field, three institutions: Digital Public Infrastructure and its counterpartsGCRI studies the field as science, GRF governs and convenes it, GRA builds shared financial understanding; the Nexus Universe tests work across them and the competent authorities decide. Design of the arrangement, not a record.

Fig.How GCRI, GRF and GRA share one field while the authorities decide. Design, not a record.

03Console

Field overview, in outline.

The working screen behind this subject: its structure, terms and states. Names are placeholders and values illustrative.

Field overview: the screen's structure, terms and states for Digital public infrastructure.Placeholder names and illustrative values; a design, not a record or a live system.
04What DPI depends on

The layers underneath.

Physical

Power and connectivity

Data centres, networks and devices need power and telecommunications. Rural and low-income areas often have the least reliable access.

Technical

Cloud, software and cryptography

Hosting platforms, software suppliers and cryptographic keys. Compromise or loss of any of them can stop services. See Cybersecurity and Digital Resilience.

Institutional

People and trust

Skilled public servants, clear legal mandates and public confidence. Systems fail when people distrust or cannot use them.

05What depends on DPI

How failure travels outward.

Social protection increasingly relies on digital identity to verify eligibility and on digital payments to deliver transfers. An authentication failure or payment outage can delay benefits for people with no savings to fall back on. Health systems use identity and data exchange for records, prescriptions and insurance claims. Tax, licensing, land registration and voting registers may all draw on the same identity foundation.

Private services build on DPI too. Banks use digital identity for account opening; merchants rely on interoperable payments; lenders use consented data sharing. Failures therefore reach markets and livelihoods as well as public services. The financial transmission of payment failures is studied at Payments and Market Infrastructure and Financial Cyber and Operational Resilience at The Global Risks Alliance (GRA).

06Cascades

Typical chains of failure.

  1. 01

    Identity outage

    An authentication service fails, blocking access to benefits, health records and bank accounts at the same time.

  2. 02

    Exclusion at enrolment

    People without documents or with biometric difficulties cannot enrol, and lose access as paper alternatives are withdrawn.

  3. 03

    Data breach

    A breach of a central register exposes many people to fraud and erodes trust in every service that uses it.

  4. 04

    Vendor lock-in

    A proprietary platform raises prices or fails, and the state cannot migrate quickly because interfaces and data formats are closed.

07Key terms

Terms used on this page.

Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.

TermDefinition
InterdependencyA two-way dependency between infrastructures, such as power needing telecoms for control while telecoms need power to run.
Cascading riskRisk that a failure in one system or component triggers failures in others that depend on it.
Compound eventTwo or more hazards or drivers occurring together or in sequence whose joint impact exceeds what either would cause alone, such as drought followed by intense rain; IPCC assessments use the term.
Dependency mappingTracing the people, processes, technology, facilities and suppliers a service relies on.
08Method and governance

How links are analysed, and who decides.

Dependency analysis uses data engineering, interoperability and stewardship and cybersecurity and cryptography, with stated assumptions. Decisions on DPI belong to governments and competent authorities; governance dialogue is convened at AI and Digital Governance at The Global Risks Forum (GRF).

09Questions

Questions and answers.

Is a dependency map a forecast?
No. It describes how systems are connected and how failure could travel. Scenarios are labelled as such and carry their assumptions.
Why are paper alternatives part of resilience?
Because offline and assisted channels let people reach essential services when digital systems fail or when they cannot use them.
Are national systems assessed by name?
Research uses published evidence and may discuss documented national experience. It does not rate or rank countries' systems.
Digital Public Infrastructure

Bring your expertise to this field.

The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.