Eurasia Regional Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of Eurasia’s Interdependent Systems.

S.1Abstract

S.2Key messages

Six readings that frame the Eurasia baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.

1. Combined emissions excluding land use were 3,155 Mt CO₂e in 2024; Russia emits about four fifths on this basis. Inventory totals differ.⁵

   Where do emissions stand?Reported

2. Fossil sources gave 56.7% in Türkiye and 64.3% in Russia in 2025; Russia relies on gas and nuclear, Türkiye on coal, hydropower, wind and solar.⁶

   How different are the electricity systems?Reported

3. Türkiye imported 70.1% of its energy in 2024 and Russia exported an amount equal to 70.7% of its use. Two pipelines link them.⁷²⁹

   How exposed is energy supply?Reported

4. Türkiye had its driest year since at least 1964 and Istanbul’s reservoirs fell to 20.29% in November.¹⁵²⁶

   How severe was the 2025 drought?Reported

5. Western Russia was up to 2.5 °C above average and Türkiye reached 50.5 °C in July.¹⁴¹⁹

   How hot was 2025?Reported

6. Russia produced 120.4 million tonnes and Türkiye 39.0 million tonnes in 2024; 2025 is not bound.¹⁰³⁸

   How much grain do the members produce?Reported

7. Heat-related deaths are not bound for either member.²⁰

   How many people died of heat?Not bound

8. A dry year that cuts Turkish hydropower and reservoirs while the Black Sea grain basin is weak. SCN-EUA-DRY-01

   What will Q1 2027 test first?Expert input

S.3Headline finding

ReportedEQL 5NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002

In 2025 Türkiye had its driest year since at least 1964, and water-year rainfall was 26.3% below the 1991 to 2020 average, the lowest in 52 years.

A dry year is an energy event as well as a water event. Less hydropower meant more gas burnt in a country that imports most of its energy⁷, and Istanbul’s reservoirs reached 20.29% in November²⁶. Water, power and import dependence therefore need to be read together.

S.4At a glance

S.5What each steward reads in it

S.6What this edition is, and is not

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 1DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, SP.POP.TOTL, Population, total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, update of 8 October 2026. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 5World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, total greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide and methane emissions excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e, AR5 basis; EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CH4.MT.CE.AR5), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 7World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, net energy imports as a share of energy use (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS) and energy use per capita (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 15Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Precipitation. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 14Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Temperature. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 30World Bank (ed.), Earthquake damage in Türkiye estimated to exceed $34 billion: World Bank disaster assessment report (press release of 27 February 2023 on the Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation report). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 19Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, Key events overview. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, cereal production (metric tons) and cereal yield (AG.PRD.CREL.MT, AG.YLD.CREL.KG), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat) (ed.), grain and legume harvest 2025 (preliminary and revised totals reported by several outlets, 139.4 to 144.6 million tonnes, which disagree; taken from search-result summaries). Rosstat, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 20Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Thermal stress. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 25Daily Sabah (ed.), Rainfall in Türkiye falls to lowest level in decades in 2025 (news report of 29 December 2025 with data compiled by Anadolu Agency from the General Directorate of Meteorology, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

1.1The questions this part answers

Key questions

• Where is Eurasia’s risk concentrated, and in which systems?
• Which couplings carry shocks across member borders?
• Which capabilities hold under compound stress, and which are only documented?
• What must the 2027 programme measure first?

In this part

• Narrative
• Headline finding
• Lead figure
• Member system cards
• Shared basins and grids
• Hub list
• Regional pathway
• Twelve-domain reading
• Sector screens
• Dependency matrix
• Risk objects
• Capability ladder
• Scenario
• Three lenses
• Portfolio

1.2The argument

1.3Twenty couplings between five systems

The Eurasia matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core systems. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the starting graph that the Q1 2027 Foundry cut will test.

Transmission paths

1. 01

   CLI → WAT → ENE

   Low rainfall cuts hydropower and reservoirs and raises gas burn.

   Reported Türkiye 2025⁶²⁵

2. 02

   CLI → FOO → TRD

   A dry year lowers grain output and moves trade and prices.

   Inferred cereal output 2024¹⁰; no 2025 series bound

3. 03

   TRD → ENE → FIN

   A gas supply change reaches power cost and public budgets.

   Inferred pipeline volumes 2025²⁹; no event bound

4. 04

   INF → ENE → all

   A major shock to the built environment spreads across sectors.

   Reported earthquakes 2023³⁰

5. 05

   CLI → BIO → CLI

   Fire and thaw release carbon and raise exposure in forests.

   Inferred Turkish fires 2025²⁷; Russian series not bound

1.4Reinforcing loops

A shock entering either system of a loop can return amplified through the other.

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 1DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, SP.POP.TOTL, Population, total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, update of 8 October 2026. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat, TÜİK) (ed.), Address Based Population Registration System Results 2025 (bulletin of 9 February 2026; the page returned an error and the figure 86,092,168 was taken from a search-result summary). TurkStat, Ankara. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 28TASS (ed.), Russian population stands at 146 mln as of January 1, 2025 (news report of the preliminary estimate of the Federal State Statistics Service, Rosstat, 31 January 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 15Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Precipitation. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 25Daily Sabah (ed.), Rainfall in Türkiye falls to lowest level in decades in 2025 (news report of 29 December 2025 with data compiled by Anadolu Agency from the General Directorate of Meteorology, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 19Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, Key events overview. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 14Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Temperature. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 8World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, annual freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources, and withdrawals by agriculture, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 7World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, net energy imports as a share of energy use (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS) and energy use per capita (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 30World Bank (ed.), Earthquake damage in Türkiye estimated to exceed $34 billion: World Bank disaster assessment report (press release of 27 February 2023 on the Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation report). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 27Daily Sabah (ed.), 2025 forest fires reach second-highest burned area in Türkiye (news report of 8 October 2025 citing a forestry academic at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, with Anadolu Agency). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: Moscow Times (ed.), Russia sees milder wildfire season so far in 2025 but experts warn against complacency (official January to August burnt area of 4.5 million hectares taken from a search-result summary). Moscow Times. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
16. 10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, cereal production (metric tons) and cereal yield (AG.PRD.CREL.MT, AG.YLD.CREL.KG), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

2.1Headline finding

ReportedEQL 5NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002

In 2025 Türkiye had its driest year since at least 1964, and water-year rainfall was 26.3% below the 1991 to 2020 average, the lowest in 52 years.

Implication

A dry year is an energy event as well as a water event. Less hydropower meant more gas burnt in a country that imports most of its energy⁷, and Istanbul’s reservoirs reached 20.29% in November²⁶. Water, power and import dependence therefore need to be read together.

What would move it

Winter and spring rainfall, reservoir fill in Marmara, hydropower output, gas imports and the 2026 summer heat would each move this finding. Heat mortality and the Russian share of Turkish gas imports are not bound²⁰²⁹.

2.2Climate forcing

1. ReportedEQL 4NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001

   Greenhouse gas emissions excluding land use were 579.5 Mt CO₂e in Türkiye and 2,575.7 Mt CO₂e in the Russian Federation in 2024 on the World Bank series, of which 460.0 and 2,009.2 Mt were carbon dioxide.⁵

2. ReportedEQL 5NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002

   In 2025 Türkiye had its driest year since at least 1964, and water-year rainfall was 26.3% below the 1991 to 2020 average, the lowest in 52 years.¹⁵²⁵

3. ReportedEQL 5NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-003

   In 2025 annual temperatures in western Russia reached up to 2.5 °C above average and the north-western winter anomaly was a record 7 °C; Türkiye recorded 50.5 °C at Silopi on 25 July.¹⁴¹⁹

2.3Energy

1. ReportedEQL 5NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004

   Fossil sources supplied 56.7% of Turkish electricity in 2025; hydropower fell from 74.6 TWh in 2024 to 57.3 TWh, and gas generation rose from 63.3 to 78.4 TWh.⁶

2. ReportedEQL 5NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-ENE-005

   In 2025 Russia generated 544.96 TWh from gas (45.6%), 218.62 TWh from nuclear (18.3%), 211.17 TWh from coal (17.7%) and 199.95 TWh from hydropower (16.7%); wind and solar gave 0.6%.⁶

3. ReportedEQL 4NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-ENE-006

   Türkiye imported 70.1% of the energy it used in 2024 while Russia was a net exporter equal to 70.7% of its use; Russian pipeline gas to Türkiye was about 11 billion cubic metres in January to June 2025, up 28% on the year.⁷²⁹

2.4Water

1. ReportedEQL 3NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-007

   Istanbul’s reservoirs held 20.29% of capacity (about 176 million m³ of 868.7 million) on 21 November 2025, the lowest for that date in the series published for 2016 to 2025.²⁶

2. ReportedEQL 4NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-WAT-008

   Renewable internal freshwater was 2,671 m³ per person in Türkiye and 29,895 m³ in Russia in 2022; withdrawals were 28.4% of internal resources in Türkiye and 1.5% in Russia.⁸

2.5Food

1. ReportedEQL 4NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-FOO-009

   Cereal production in 2024 was 39.0 million tonnes in Türkiye (42.2 in 2023) and 120.4 million tonnes in Russia (136.3 in 2023).¹⁰

2.6Health

1. ReportedEQL 4NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-HLT-010

   Mean exposure to PM2.5 was 26.4 µg/m³ in Türkiye and 11.6 in Russia in 2023; life expectancy was 77.4 and 73.4 years in 2024; 10.6% and 17.8% of people were aged 65 or over in 2025.²¹¹¹²

2.7Biodiversity

1. ReportedEQL 3NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-BIO-011

   Forests covered 29.5% of Türkiye and 50.8% of Russia in 2024; terrestrial protected areas were 7% and 11.5%; a forestry academic’s tally put Turkish fire losses in 2025 at about 80,000 hectares by early October.⁹²⁷

2.8Systemic

1. Expert inputEQL 2NRF-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012

   The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a dry year in which low rainfall, reduced hydropower and high gas burn in Türkiye coincide with a weak grain year in the Black Sea basin. §9.3

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 15Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Precipitation. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 25Daily Sabah (ed.), Rainfall in Türkiye falls to lowest level in decades in 2025 (news report of 29 December 2025 with data compiled by Anadolu Agency from the General Directorate of Meteorology, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 7World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, net energy imports as a share of energy use (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS) and energy use per capita (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 20Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Thermal stress. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 5World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, total greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide and methane emissions excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e, AR5 basis; EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CH4.MT.CE.AR5), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 14Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Temperature. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 19Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, Key events overview. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 8World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, annual freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources, and withdrawals by agriculture, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, cereal production (metric tons) and cereal yield (AG.PRD.CREL.MT, AG.YLD.CREL.KG), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 2World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, population ages 0-14 and 65 and above, and urban population, as a share of the total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 11World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 12World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, life expectancy at birth, under-5 mortality rate and current health expenditure as a share of GDP, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
16. 9World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, forest area, agricultural land, and terrestrial protected areas as a share of land area, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 27Daily Sabah (ed.), 2025 forest fires reach second-highest burned area in Türkiye (news report of 8 October 2025 citing a forestry academic at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, with Anadolu Agency). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

3.1Where each system stood at evidence close

3.2Domain posture

Each of the twelve coupled domains is read in words, not scored. The reading states where the regional evidence points; the coupling column names the dependency that carries risk across systems and borders.

3.3Sector screens

All sixteen global sectors are screened on the same grammar as every national edition, so later editions can say what changed. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, cereal production (metric tons) and cereal yield (AG.PRD.CREL.MT, AG.YLD.CREL.KG), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 11World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 9World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, forest area, agricultural land, and terrestrial protected areas as a share of land area, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 30World Bank (ed.), Earthquake damage in Türkiye estimated to exceed $34 billion: World Bank disaster assessment report (press release of 27 February 2023 on the Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation report). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 8World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, annual freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources, and withdrawals by agriculture, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 7World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, net energy imports as a share of energy use (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS) and energy use per capita (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat) (ed.), grain and legume harvest 2025 (preliminary and revised totals reported by several outlets, 139.4 to 144.6 million tonnes, which disagree; taken from search-result summaries). Rosstat, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 20Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Thermal stress. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 27Daily Sabah (ed.), 2025 forest fires reach second-highest burned area in Türkiye (news report of 8 October 2025 citing a forestry academic at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, with Anadolu Agency). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 14Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Temperature. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 15Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Precipitation. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 4DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), World Economic Outlook DataMapper, real GDP growth, consumer price inflation, general government gross debt, current account balance and unemployment (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, values as served on 2026-11-03; years after 2025 are IMF projections. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
16. 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits (Montreux, 1936), taken from memory. League of Nations Treaty Series. Observation year 1936. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 25Daily Sabah (ed.), Rainfall in Türkiye falls to lowest level in decades in 2025 (news report of 29 December 2025 with data compiled by Anadolu Agency from the General Directorate of Meteorology, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
18. 12World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, life expectancy at birth, under-5 mortality rate and current health expenditure as a share of GDP, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
19. 3World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, GDP (current US$) and GDP per capita (current US$) (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
20. 13World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, employment in agriculture, agriculture value added as a share of GDP, and Gini index, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
21. 23Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Russian Federation (country assessment page: 2035 target, net zero target, land-use sink and renewable target). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
22. 24Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Türkiye (country assessment page: net zero target, emissions trading system, electricity and renewable targets). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
23. 18Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Wildfires. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
24. 21World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Extreme heat and rainfall, glacier loss and record ocean heat impact Asia in 2025 (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2025), Paro, 17 June 2026. WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
25. 47UNVERIFIED, not opened: J. Zscheischler et al., Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change, 2018, taken from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
26. 48UNVERIFIED, not opened: M. Rantanen et al., The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979, Communications Earth & Environment, 2022, taken from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

4.1Risk objects

Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.

1. ReportedEQL 4RSK-EUA-CLI-001

   Drought and heat in Anatolia and the Black Sea basin

   Driver

   low rainfall and extreme heat

   Exposure

   cities, farming and hydropower

   Vulnerability

   low renewable water per person⁸

   Capacity

   reservoir management; performance not bound²⁶

   Cascade

   CLI → WAT, ENE, FOO

   Horizon

   1–5 years

2. Expert inputEQL 2RSK-EUA-ENE-002

   Gas supply disruption in an import-dependent system

   Driver

   pipeline fault, price spike or supply change

   Exposure

   power, industry, heating

   Vulnerability

   70.1% of energy imported⁷

   Capacity

   storage and contract flexibility not bound²⁹

   Cascade

   TRD → ENE → FIN

   Horizon

   1–5 years

3. InferredEQL 3RSK-EUA-CLI-003

   Wildfire and thaw in forests and the north

   Driver

   warm, dry seasons

   Exposure

   forests, settlements, northern infrastructure

   Vulnerability

   permafrost exposure not bound

   Capacity

   fire services; performance not bound²⁷³⁶

   Cascade

   CLI → BIO, INF, HLT

   Horizon

   seasonal

4. ReportedEQL 4RSK-EUA-INF-004

   Earthquake and seismic shocks to dense systems

   Driver

   major seismic events

   Exposure

   housing, lifelines, southern provinces

   Vulnerability

   building stock condition not bound

   Capacity

   recovery programmes not bound³⁰

   Cascade

   INF → FIN, HLT, FOO

   Horizon

   multi-decade

4.2Capability ladder

Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence at the regional level, from a policy listing to performance in real events.

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 8World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, annual freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources, and withdrawals by agriculture, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 7World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, net energy imports as a share of energy use (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS) and energy use per capita (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 27Daily Sabah (ed.), 2025 forest fires reach second-highest burned area in Türkiye (news report of 8 October 2025 citing a forestry academic at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, with Anadolu Agency). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: Moscow Times (ed.), Russia sees milder wildfire season so far in 2025 but experts warn against complacency (official January to August burnt area of 4.5 million hectares taken from a search-result summary). Moscow Times. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 30World Bank (ed.), Earthquake damage in Türkiye estimated to exceed $34 billion: World Bank disaster assessment report (press release of 27 February 2023 on the Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation report). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 24Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Türkiye (country assessment page: net zero target, emissions trading system, electricity and renewable targets). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (ed.), Climate Law (İklim Kanunu), adopted 2 July 2025 (date taken from a search-result summary; the text was not read). Official Gazette, Ankara. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 23Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Russian Federation (country assessment page: 2035 target, net zero target, land-use sink and renewable target). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 14Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Temperature. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 25Daily Sabah (ed.), Rainfall in Türkiye falls to lowest level in decades in 2025 (news report of 29 December 2025 with data compiled by Anadolu Agency from the General Directorate of Meteorology, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 35UNVERIFIED, not opened: Moscow Times (ed.), 2025 was Russia’s second warmest year on record (report on the annual climate report of the Russian hydrometeorological service, Roshydromet; anomaly of 1.24 °C taken from a search-result summary; the file could not be read). Moscow Times. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 31POST-CLOSE, context only: United Nations Treaty Collection (ed.), Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992 (status of ratification as at 3 November 2026). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest, 1992), taken from memory; the Commission web address returned unrelated content and was not used. Black Sea Commission. Observation year 1992. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
16. 47UNVERIFIED, not opened: J. Zscheischler et al., Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change, 2018, taken from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 48UNVERIFIED, not opened: M. Rantanen et al., The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979, Communications Earth & Environment, 2022, taken from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

5.1Assumptions

Scenario SCN-EUA-DRY-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.

Baseline

the 2026 reference state in this edition

Drivers

a second dry year with low rainfall, high summer heat and high power demand

Analogues

2025 rainfall and reservoirs¹⁵²⁶; Turkish hydropower and gas in 2025⁶; cereal output in 2024¹⁰

Interventions

none modelled, the specification describes the unmitigated case

Run state

narrative specification; quantified Foundry run scheduled for Q1 2027

5.2The cascade, step by step

1. 1

   CLI → WAT

   low rainfall empties reservoirs serving large cities

   Istanbul 2025²⁶

2. 2

   WAT → ENE

   hydropower falls and gas generation rises

   Türkiye 2025⁶

3. 3

   ENE → TRD

   higher gas demand raises pipeline import needs

   pipeline volume 2025²⁹

4. 4

   CLI → FOO

   a weak grain year reduces output and moves trade

   cereal output 2024¹⁰

5. 5

   FOO, ENE → FIN

   import bills and food prices load households and budgets

   no series bound

6. 6

   FIN → recovery

   investment in water and power slows where budgets are tight

   no series bound

5.3The scenario as a table of steps

How the shock in scenario SCN-EUA-DRY-01 would travel through Eurasia’s coupled systems, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.

A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition’s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: Eurasia 2026, scenario SCN-EUA-DRY-01 (2026); Eurasia 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 15Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Precipitation. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, cereal production (metric tons) and cereal yield (AG.PRD.CREL.MT, AG.YLD.CREL.KG), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject

Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.

6.2Three lenses

One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.

6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions

How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for Eurasia. The standards are preparatory working drafts (October 2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.

6.4GCRI reading: the model card

GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology

6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays

Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.

6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 regional readiness pack

The registers that open the 2027 regional cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.

Publication dispositions

• Publish
• Hold
• Needs evidence
• Restricted
• Superseded

6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch

Instruments that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.

• IN FORCE
• ADOPTED
• SUBMITTED
• UNDER REVIEW
• PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY

6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review: science and assessments

The review behind this edition covers peer-reviewed science, regional and international assessments and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Full systematic reviews begin in Q1 2027 for each agenda item.

Review protocol

Question

What does the published evidence establish about Eurasia’s coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity risks across its member countries?

Sources searched

peer-reviewed literature; regional and international assessments; official releases; statutory instruments

Window

releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026

Selection

sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition

Next step

systematic reviews for agenda items A-01 to A-05 in Q1 2027

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 30World Bank (ed.), Earthquake damage in Türkiye estimated to exceed $34 billion: World Bank disaster assessment report (press release of 27 February 2023 on the Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation report). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 31POST-CLOSE, context only: United Nations Treaty Collection (ed.), Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992 (status of ratification as at 3 November 2026). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 44UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC secretariat (ed.), Paris Agreement (2015), taken from memory. United Nations, Bonn. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 45UNVERIFIED, not opened: UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (ed.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, taken from memory. UNDRR, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 46UNVERIFIED, not opened: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, taken from memory. CBD, Montreal. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest, 1992), taken from memory; the Commission web address returned unrelated content and was not used. Black Sea Commission. Observation year 1992. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits (Montreux, 1936), taken from memory. League of Nations Treaty Series. Observation year 1936. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (ed.), Climate Law (İklim Kanunu), adopted 2 July 2025 (date taken from a search-result summary; the text was not read). Official Gazette, Ankara. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 23Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Russian Federation (country assessment page: 2035 target, net zero target, land-use sink and renewable target). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 24Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Türkiye (country assessment page: net zero target, emissions trading system, electricity and renewable targets). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 21World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Extreme heat and rainfall, glacier loss and record ocean heat impact Asia in 2025 (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2025), Paro, 17 June 2026. WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 47UNVERIFIED, not opened: J. Zscheischler et al., Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change, 2018, taken from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 48UNVERIFIED, not opened: M. Rantanen et al., The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979, Communications Earth & Environment, 2022, taken from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 49UNVERIFIED, not opened: P. McElwee et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health (nexus assessment), IPBES, 2024, taken from memory. IPBES secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 22World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in Asia 2024 (publication page and key messages, 23 June 2025). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
16. 14Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Temperature. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 15Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Precipitation. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
18. 16Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Soil moisture. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
19. 17Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section River flow and flooding. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
20. 18Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Wildfires. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
21. 19Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, Key events overview. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
22. 20Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Thermal stress. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
23. 1DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, SP.POP.TOTL, Population, total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, update of 8 October 2026. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
24. 2World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, population ages 0-14 and 65 and above, and urban population, as a share of the total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
25. 3World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, GDP (current US$) and GDP per capita (current US$) (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
26. 5World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, total greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide and methane emissions excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e, AR5 basis; EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CH4.MT.CE.AR5), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
27. 8World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, annual freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources, and withdrawals by agriculture, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
28. 9World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, forest area, agricultural land, and terrestrial protected areas as a share of land area, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
29. 10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, cereal production (metric tons) and cereal yield (AG.PRD.CREL.MT, AG.YLD.CREL.KG), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
30. 11World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
31. 12World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, life expectancy at birth, under-5 mortality rate and current health expenditure as a share of GDP, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
32. 4DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), World Economic Outlook DataMapper, real GDP growth, consumer price inflation, general government gross debt, current account balance and unemployment (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, values as served on 2026-11-03; years after 2025 are IMF projections. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
33. 28TASS (ed.), Russian population stands at 146 mln as of January 1, 2025 (news report of the preliminary estimate of the Federal State Statistics Service, Rosstat, 31 January 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
34. 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat, TÜİK) (ed.), Address Based Population Registration System Results 2025 (bulletin of 9 February 2026; the page returned an error and the figure 86,092,168 was taken from a search-result summary). TurkStat, Ankara. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
35. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
36. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
37. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
38. 7World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, net energy imports as a share of energy use (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS) and energy use per capita (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
39. 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat, TÜİK) (ed.), Greenhouse Gas Emission Statistics 1990-2022 (558.3 Mt CO2e for 2022 taken from a search-result summary; the 1990-2024 bulletin returned no content). TurkStat, Ankara. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
40. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Russian Federation (ed.), National Inventory Report 2025 submission to the UNFCCC (land-use sink values as relayed by the Climate Action Tracker; the report itself was not read). UNFCCC secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

7.1Questions for the operational series

1. A-01

   How would a dry year load Turkish reservoirs, hydropower and gas supply, and what reaches Russian exports?

   INI-EUA-CLI-01 · dry-year compound stress; first output: dependency graph for the Marmara and Anatolian water and power chain.

2. A-02

   How concentrated is gas supply between the two members and how resilient is the pipeline link?

   INI-EUA-ENE-02 · gas and power link; first output: flow and contract register for the two pipelines.

3. A-03

   How do low rainfall and reservoirs reach cities, farming and cooling water?

   INI-EUA-WAT-03 · reservoirs and basins; first output: reservoir performance note for Istanbul.

4. A-04

   How many deaths can be attributed to heat, by member and year?

   INI-EUA-HLT-04 · heat and health; first output: attribution baseline for both members.

5. A-05

   How far do permafrost and wildfire change risk in the Russian north and Siberia?

   INI-EUA-CLI-05 · permafrost and fire; first output: exposure note for northern infrastructure.

6. A-06

   What is the condition of forests and the Black Sea, not only their extent?

   INI-EUA-BIO-01 · workstream; first output: condition indicator note.

7. A-07

   How exposed are grain output, trade and food access to concurrent drought and price shocks?

   To be admitted in Q1 2027; first output: scoping note.

8. A-08

   Which capabilities have been tested in real events, and which are only documented?

   Regional capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.

7.2Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment

Six initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for the 2027 regional portfolio. They are programme objects, no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.

7.3The pathway

The Eurasia regional pathway is the route through which the Nexus operating system will read Eurasia as one region from 2027. At baseline the pathway is designed and its hubs are named in the series registry; its working arrangements are set from Q1 2027. This page states what exists today and what comes next, nothing more.

1. 01

   National Foundries

   continuous national evidence environments

   PREPARED · first sealed cuts in Q1 2027

2. 02

   National Models and Portfolios

   each country as a system of systems

   CANADA v0 ISSUED · 25 further national baselines

3. 03

   Quarterly national reports

   State & Agenda, Evidence, Stress Test, Annual

   BASELINE STAGE · Q1 2027 opens the series

4. 04

   Regional aggregation

   Eurasia as one of ten regional clusters

   THIS EDITION · annual regional cut from 2027

5. 05

   Global sector and strategic models

   GS-01…15 · SR-01…14 · XT-01…20

   49 PLANNED · pilots: GS-01, SR-01, XT-01

6. 06

   Universe

   annual proving environment

   CANDIDATE MISSION · global mandate in 2027

7. 07

   Global Report

   this series

   BASELINE ISSUED · 2027 annual edition

8. 08

   Evidence and correction

   one graph, many projections

   OPEN · first federation-wide correction cycle in 2027

7.4Universe 2027: evidence pack for the regional candidate mission

1. 01

   Mandate

2. 02

   Core Build · 1 month

3. 03

   Action · 1 week

4. 04

   Evidence seal

5. 05

   Portfolio correction

6. 06

   Next mandate

Mission

ID

MSN-EUA-2027-01 · Dry year and Black Sea basin Universe mission

Role spine

Leadership sponsor (NLC) · Institutional anchor (NNC) · Mission lead (NWG)

Receiving actors

to be identified with the mandate

7.5Handoffs and routing

Where the baseline’s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.

7.6Feeds and signal register

Escalation routes

• none · keep monitoring
• research question
• project
• risk object
• quarterly publication
• signal report

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 15Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Precipitation. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

8.1Member countries: the baseline regional chapter

The two member countries named in the series registry, read side by side on the same indicators. No union or bloc shares the region code in the registry, so there is no reference group on this page.

8.2Shared basins and grids: the baseline regional chapter

A shared sea, two pipelines and a strait carry risk between the members. This chapter names each system, the members involved and the evidence read at baseline. Rows without a source are designed empty states.

8.3Hub list: the baseline regional chapter

The hubs the series registry names for this region and for its member countries. The list is read from the registry, so a change there changes this page.

Registry

Regional hubs

Istanbul

Desks with a remit

GCRI · GRF · GRX

Registry record

NR-REGIONAL-EUA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0

What a hub does in this series

• Hub terms of reference are not set at baseline
• Hub contact points are not named at baseline
• The registry names the hub and the desks with a remit; working arrangements follow from Q1 2027

8.4Regional pathway: the baseline regional chapter

The regional pathway is the route through which the series will read Eurasia as one region from 2027. This page states what exists today and what comes next. It does not describe any body that has not been constituted.

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 5World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, total greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide and methane emissions excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e, AR5 basis; EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CH4.MT.CE.AR5), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 1DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, SP.POP.TOTL, Population, total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, update of 8 October 2026. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 7World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, net energy imports as a share of energy use (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS) and energy use per capita (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 9World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, forest area, agricultural land, and terrestrial protected areas as a share of land area, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 15Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Precipitation. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, cereal production (metric tons) and cereal yield (AG.PRD.CREL.MT, AG.YLD.CREL.KG), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat, TÜİK) (ed.), Greenhouse Gas Emission Statistics 1990-2022 (558.3 Mt CO2e for 2022 taken from a search-result summary; the 1990-2024 bulletin returned no content). TurkStat, Ankara. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: Moscow Times (ed.), Russia sees milder wildfire season so far in 2025 but experts warn against complacency (official January to August burnt area of 4.5 million hectares taken from a search-result summary). Moscow Times. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Russian Federation (ed.), National Inventory Report 2025 submission to the UNFCCC (land-use sink values as relayed by the Climate Action Tracker; the report itself was not read). UNFCCC secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest, 1992), taken from memory; the Commission web address returned unrelated content and was not used. Black Sea Commission. Observation year 1992. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits (Montreux, 1936), taken from memory. League of Nations Treaty Series. Observation year 1936. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 31POST-CLOSE, context only: United Nations Treaty Collection (ed.), Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992 (status of ratification as at 3 November 2026). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

A.1Methods

The regional baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.

A.2Model card: Regional System Model v0

Model ID

MDL-EUA-REGIONAL · v0.1

Purpose

represent Eurasia as coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity systems across member countries, with forcing and transmission layers

Family

graph-based system of systems

Inputs

the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data

Method

expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG · MODERATE · WEAK) from assessments and analogue events

Validation

none yet, first validation against federation evidence in 2027

Uncertainty

qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements

Domain of validity

regional scale; not for national, basin or asset-level use

Reproducibility

strength table and sources published in this edition

A.3The baseline evidence cut

Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The regional baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Federation cuts begin with the first national Foundry cuts in 2027.

Cut ID

NQ-REG-EUA-2026-Q0-1

Type

baseline documentary cut

Resolution policy

pinned · as of 30 September 2026

Sources pinned

51 cited sources, each at the edition and access date in the references

Model runs

none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method

Digest

computed at freeze and recorded in the publication record

Supersedes

nothing, first cut of the series

Superseded by

NQ-REG-EUA-2027-Q1-1 at the Q1 2027 close

Lineage

1. 01

   source edition

2. 02

   pinned citation

3. 03

   finding

4. 04

   page

5. 05

   publication record

A.4Evidence age and coverage

A 2026 edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.

A.5Evidence cards: two anchor sources

Evidence cards to follow in Q1 2027

• National inventories³⁴⁴⁰ : land-use treatment on one basis
• Regulator gas data²⁹ : flows by route and share of imports
• Ministry and agency series : heat deaths, fires and reservoirs
• Reports Foundational Edition⁵⁰ and the global baseline³² : method and peer distributions

A.6Publication acceptance record

Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.

A.7Status words

A.8How the edition is made, released and corrected

Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to Nexus Standards as change proposals and feed the next cut.

A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: Reports governance at GCRI Canada (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).

Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.

A.9Glossary and abbreviations

A.10Technical annex

A.1 · indicator definition: emissions excluding land use

Construct

annual greenhouse gas emissions without land use, land-use change and forestry

Unit

Mt CO₂e, AR5 global warming potentials

Scope

calendar year

Source

World Bank World Development Indicators⁵

Revision

revised by the issuer; not tracked here

Known limits

differs from national inventories, which include land use and use their own methods³⁴⁴⁰

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 20Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Thermal stress. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: Moscow Times (ed.), Russia sees milder wildfire season so far in 2025 but experts warn against complacency (official January to August burnt area of 4.5 million hectares taken from a search-result summary). Moscow Times. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) (ed.), burnt area statistics for Türkiye, 2025 (about 49,652 hectares by early July, taken from a search-result summary; the portal loaded without data). Joint Research Centre, Ispra. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 27Daily Sabah (ed.), 2025 forest fires reach second-highest burned area in Türkiye (news report of 8 October 2025 citing a forestry academic at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, with Anadolu Agency). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat, TÜİK) (ed.), Greenhouse Gas Emission Statistics 1990-2022 (558.3 Mt CO2e for 2022 taken from a search-result summary; the 1990-2024 bulletin returned no content). TurkStat, Ankara. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Russian Federation (ed.), National Inventory Report 2025 submission to the UNFCCC (land-use sink values as relayed by the Climate Action Tracker; the report itself was not read). UNFCCC secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 23Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Russian Federation (country assessment page: 2035 target, net zero target, land-use sink and renewable target). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Carbon Action Partnership (ed.), Türkiye emissions trading system and second nationally determined contribution (2035 level of 643 Mt CO2e taken from a search-result summary). ICAP, Berlin. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 24Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Türkiye (country assessment page: net zero target, emissions trading system, electricity and renewable targets). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat) (ed.), grain and legume harvest 2025 (preliminary and revised totals reported by several outlets, 139.4 to 144.6 million tonnes, which disagree; taken from search-result summaries). Rosstat, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 30World Bank (ed.), Earthquake damage in Türkiye estimated to exceed $34 billion: World Bank disaster assessment report (press release of 27 February 2023 on the Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation report). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest, 1992), taken from memory; the Commission web address returned unrelated content and was not used. Black Sea Commission. Observation year 1992. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 35UNVERIFIED, not opened: Moscow Times (ed.), 2025 was Russia’s second warmest year on record (report on the annual climate report of the Russian hydrometeorological service, Roshydromet; anomaly of 1.24 °C taken from a search-result summary; the file could not be read). Moscow Times. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
16. 1DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, SP.POP.TOTL, Population, total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, update of 8 October 2026. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 3World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, GDP (current US$) and GDP per capita (current US$) (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
18. 5World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, total greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide and methane emissions excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e, AR5 basis; EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CH4.MT.CE.AR5), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
19. 7World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, net energy imports as a share of energy use (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS) and energy use per capita (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
20. 13World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, employment in agriculture, agriculture value added as a share of GDP, and Gini index, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
21. 14Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Temperature. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
22. 50UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026-2030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
23. 32UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition (draft pack used as the structural base by the generator; not read in this drafting step). GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

B.1The indicator set

B.2Regional source register

The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.

Domains bound by the register

• WAT
• ENE
• FOO
• HLT
• BIO
• CLI
• INF
• FIN
• TRD
• MIN

B.3Regional reading: Eurasia by member country

Map plates for every member country follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form for the 2 member countries named in the series registry.

Population and emissions¹⁵

B.4Atlas card: Black Sea basin

• sea basin
• shared coast and straits
• pipelines and trade
• members: Türkiye, Russian Federation

Systems in view

water, energy, food and freight

Defining instruments

Bucharest Convention⁴²; Montreux Convention⁴³; the water convention lists Russia and not Türkiye³¹

Couplings

CLI → FOO → TRD; TRD → ENE → FIN

Capability evidence

an international sea convention exists⁴²; performance not bound

Gaps

water quality, fish stocks, Straits traffic, grain trade flows

Agenda items

A-03 · A-07

B.5Eurasia system card

The card through which Eurasia appears in the global edition and in the sector series. It summarises; it does not rank.

Context

Archetype

two unequal members meeting across a sea and two pipelines

Population

85.9 million in Türkiye and 143.5 million in the Russian Federation, 2025¹

Trade

pipeline gas to Türkiye about 11 billion m³ in January to June 2025²⁹

Hazard

earthquake damage of US$34.2 billion in 2023³⁰; drought in 2025¹⁵

B.6Licences

B.7Formats and provenance

Provenance

Edition pack

The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built

Evidence cut

NQ-REG-EUA-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026

Reproducibility

sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters

Self-check

14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release

Review

five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)

Publisher of record

GCRI for the Nexus Consortium

Corrections

Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 1DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, SP.POP.TOTL, Population, total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, update of 8 October 2026. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 3World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, GDP (current US$) and GDP per capita (current US$) (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 5World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, total greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide and methane emissions excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e, AR5 basis; EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CH4.MT.CE.AR5), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 7World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, net energy imports as a share of energy use (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS) and energy use per capita (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 25Daily Sabah (ed.), Rainfall in Türkiye falls to lowest level in decades in 2025 (news report of 29 December 2025 with data compiled by Anadolu Agency from the General Directorate of Meteorology, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, cereal production (metric tons) and cereal yield (AG.PRD.CREL.MT, AG.YLD.CREL.KG), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 30World Bank (ed.), Earthquake damage in Türkiye estimated to exceed $34 billion: World Bank disaster assessment report (press release of 27 February 2023 on the Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation report). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 20Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Thermal stress. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat) (ed.), grain and legume harvest 2025 (preliminary and revised totals reported by several outlets, 139.4 to 144.6 million tonnes, which disagree; taken from search-result summaries). Rosstat, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: Moscow Times (ed.), Russia sees milder wildfire season so far in 2025 but experts warn against complacency (official January to August burnt area of 4.5 million hectares taken from a search-result summary). Moscow Times. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 2World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, population ages 0-14 and 65 and above, and urban population, as a share of the total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 28TASS (ed.), Russian population stands at 146 mln as of January 1, 2025 (news report of the preliminary estimate of the Federal State Statistics Service, Rosstat, 31 January 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
16. 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat, TÜİK) (ed.), Address Based Population Registration System Results 2025 (bulletin of 9 February 2026; the page returned an error and the figure 86,092,168 was taken from a search-result summary). TurkStat, Ankara. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 4DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), World Economic Outlook DataMapper, real GDP growth, consumer price inflation, general government gross debt, current account balance and unemployment (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, values as served on 2026-11-03; years after 2025 are IMF projections. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
18. 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat, TÜİK) (ed.), Greenhouse Gas Emission Statistics 1990-2022 (558.3 Mt CO2e for 2022 taken from a search-result summary; the 1990-2024 bulletin returned no content). TurkStat, Ankara. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
19. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Russian Federation (ed.), National Inventory Report 2025 submission to the UNFCCC (land-use sink values as relayed by the Climate Action Tracker; the report itself was not read). UNFCCC secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
20. 14Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Temperature. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
21. 8World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, annual freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources, and withdrawals by agriculture, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
22. 9World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, forest area, agricultural land, and terrestrial protected areas as a share of land area, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
23. 11World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
24. 12World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, life expectancy at birth, under-5 mortality rate and current health expenditure as a share of GDP, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
25. 23Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Russian Federation (country assessment page: 2035 target, net zero target, land-use sink and renewable target). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
26. 24Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Türkiye (country assessment page: net zero target, emissions trading system, electricity and renewable targets). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
27. 15Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Precipitation. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
28. 19Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, Key events overview. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
29. 51UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Baseline Editions 2026 for Türkiye and the Russian Federation (national editions in preparation; no pack exists in the registry). GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
30. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest, 1992), taken from memory; the Commission web address returned unrelated content and was not used. Black Sea Commission. Observation year 1992. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
31. 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits (Montreux, 1936), taken from memory. League of Nations Treaty Series. Observation year 1936. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
32. 31POST-CLOSE, context only: United Nations Treaty Collection (ed.), Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992 (status of ratification as at 3 November 2026). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

C.151 sources

NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a UNI once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).

1. 1DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, SP.POP.TOTL, Population, total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, update of 8 October 2026. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 6, chapter 8
2. 2World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, population ages 0-14 and 65 and above, and urban population, as a share of the total (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 6
3. 3World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, GDP (current US$) and GDP per capita (current US$) (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6
4. 4DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: International Monetary Fund (ed.), World Economic Outlook DataMapper, real GDP growth, consumer price inflation, general government gross debt, current account balance and unemployment (Türkiye and Russian Federation), data API, values as served on 2026-11-03; years after 2025 are IMF projections. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6
5. 5World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, total greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide and methane emissions excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e, AR5 basis; EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CH4.MT.CE.AR5), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8
6. 6Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data, generation by source, capacity and emissions intensity (Türkiye and Russia), release file of generation outputs. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
7. 7World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, net energy imports as a share of energy use (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS) and energy use per capita (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
8. 8World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, annual freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources, and withdrawals by agriculture, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
9. 9World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, forest area, agricultural land, and terrestrial protected areas as a share of land area, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
10. 10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, cereal production (metric tons) and cereal yield (AG.PRD.CREL.MT, AG.YLD.CREL.KG), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8
11. 11World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3), data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6
12. 12World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, life expectancy at birth, under-5 mortality rate and current health expenditure as a share of GDP, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6
13. 13World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators, employment in agriculture, agriculture value added as a share of GDP, and Gini index, data API. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3
14. 14Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Temperature. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
15. 15Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Precipitation. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
16. 16Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Soil moisture. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
17. 17Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section River flow and flooding. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
18. 18Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Wildfires. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6
19. 19Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, Key events overview. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6
20. 20Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) and World Meteorological Organization (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025, section Thermal stress. C3S/ECMWF, Reading, 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6
21. 21World Meteorological Organization (ed.), Extreme heat and rainfall, glacier loss and record ocean heat impact Asia in 2025 (press release on the State of the Climate in Asia 2025), Paro, 17 June 2026. WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6
22. 22World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in Asia 2024 (publication page and key messages, 23 June 2025). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
23. 23Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Russian Federation (country assessment page: 2035 target, net zero target, land-use sink and renewable target). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
24. 24Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Türkiye (country assessment page: net zero target, emissions trading system, electricity and renewable targets). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
25. 25Daily Sabah (ed.), Rainfall in Türkiye falls to lowest level in decades in 2025 (news report of 29 December 2025 with data compiled by Anadolu Agency from the General Directorate of Meteorology, Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4
26. 26Daily Sabah (ed.), Istanbul dam levels drop below 20% amid worsening drought (news report on figures of the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration, 21 November 2025). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
27. 27Daily Sabah (ed.), 2025 forest fires reach second-highest burned area in Türkiye (news report of 8 October 2025 citing a forestry academic at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, with Anadolu Agency). Daily Sabah, Istanbul. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4
28. 28TASS (ed.), Russian population stands at 146 mln as of January 1, 2025 (news report of the preliminary estimate of the Federal State Statistics Service, Rosstat, 31 January 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6
29. 29TASS (ed.), Russia increases pipeline gas supplies to Turkey by 28% in 1H 2025 (news report compiled from Turkish energy regulator data, 28 August 2025). TASS, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8
30. 30World Bank (ed.), Earthquake damage in Türkiye estimated to exceed $34 billion: World Bank disaster assessment report (press release of 27 February 2023 on the Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation report). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
31. 31POST-CLOSE, context only: United Nations Treaty Collection (ed.), Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992 (status of ratification as at 3 November 2026). United Nations, New York. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
32. 32UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition (draft pack used as the structural base by the generator; not read in this drafting step). GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.
33. 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat, TÜİK) (ed.), Address Based Population Registration System Results 2025 (bulletin of 9 February 2026; the page returned an error and the figure 86,092,168 was taken from a search-result summary). TurkStat, Ankara. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 6
34. 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat, TÜİK) (ed.), Greenhouse Gas Emission Statistics 1990-2022 (558.3 Mt CO2e for 2022 taken from a search-result summary; the 1990-2024 bulletin returned no content). TurkStat, Ankara. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
35. 35UNVERIFIED, not opened: Moscow Times (ed.), 2025 was Russia’s second warmest year on record (report on the annual climate report of the Russian hydrometeorological service, Roshydromet; anomaly of 1.24 °C taken from a search-result summary; the file could not be read). Moscow Times. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4
36. 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: Moscow Times (ed.), Russia sees milder wildfire season so far in 2025 but experts warn against complacency (official January to August burnt area of 4.5 million hectares taken from a search-result summary). Moscow Times. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 4, chapter 8
37. 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Carbon Action Partnership (ed.), Türkiye emissions trading system and second nationally determined contribution (2035 level of 643 Mt CO2e taken from a search-result summary). ICAP, Berlin. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.
38. 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat) (ed.), grain and legume harvest 2025 (preliminary and revised totals reported by several outlets, 139.4 to 144.6 million tonnes, which disagree; taken from search-result summaries). Rosstat, Moscow. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 3
39. 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) (ed.), burnt area statistics for Türkiye, 2025 (about 49,652 hectares by early July, taken from a search-result summary; the portal loaded without data). Joint Research Centre, Ispra. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.
40. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Russian Federation (ed.), National Inventory Report 2025 submission to the UNFCCC (land-use sink values as relayed by the Climate Action Tracker; the report itself was not read). UNFCCC secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
41. 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: Grand National Assembly of Türkiye (ed.), Climate Law (İklim Kanunu), adopted 2 July 2025 (date taken from a search-result summary; the text was not read). Official Gazette, Ankara. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
42. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest, 1992), taken from memory; the Commission web address returned unrelated content and was not used. Black Sea Commission. Observation year 1992. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
43. 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits (Montreux, 1936), taken from memory. League of Nations Treaty Series. Observation year 1936. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
44. 44UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC secretariat (ed.), Paris Agreement (2015), taken from memory. United Nations, Bonn. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
45. 45UNVERIFIED, not opened: UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (ed.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, taken from memory. UNDRR, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
46. 46UNVERIFIED, not opened: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, taken from memory. CBD, Montreal. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
47. 47UNVERIFIED, not opened: J. Zscheischler et al., Future climate risk from compound events, Nature Climate Change, 2018, taken from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
48. 48UNVERIFIED, not opened: M. Rantanen et al., The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979, Communications Earth & Environment, 2022, taken from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
49. 49UNVERIFIED, not opened: P. McElwee et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health (nexus assessment), IPBES, 2024, taken from memory. IPBES secretariat, Bonn. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
50. 50UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026-2030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.
51. 51UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Baseline Editions 2026 for Türkiye and the Russian Federation (national editions in preparation; no pack exists in the registry). GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.

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