Readings from the other desks
The global baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks’ own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Money meets risk
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5A loss year that meets tight public budgets
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 6.1 The other desks’ editions of this subject
- 6.2 Three lenses
- 6.3 Standards, Academy and steward contributions
- 6.4 GCRI reading: the model card
- 6.5 Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
- 6.6 Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 resilience investment readiness pack
- 6.7 Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
- 6.8 Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject
Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.
| Desk | Edition | State | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| GCRI Systems Evidence | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| GRF Public Deliberation | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| GRA Capital Readiness | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Standards Progress | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| Academy Capability | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| Index Measurement | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit |
6.2Three lenses
One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.
GCRI · KEY T
Technical Truth
The evidence supports reading resilience investment as one system. Needs, losses and cover recur across sectors, money moves between budgets, markets and recovery funds, and thresholds such as fiscal space and payment speed limit what gets built. Evidence is strongest for single flows and weakest for comparable national portfolios.
ENE-001 · CLI-003 · DEV-007 · SYS-012
GRF · KEY M
Public Meaning
For most people resilience investment shows up as a repaired road, a paid claim or a delayed grant. The baseline asks that public debate treat upkeep and adaptation as investment, and keep recovery in view.
INF-002 · CLI-003 · CLI-008
GRA · KEY F
Capital Meaning
Readiness implications only. Losses are large, risk transfer is growing, and adaptation finance is small beside need356. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.
FIN-005 · DEV-006
NEXUS
Synthesis
Investment is well described flow by flow and thinly measured as a system. The 2027 programme should put national portfolios on one basis, test the loss-year scenario, and track money from pledge to project.
SYS-012 · P-01 · P-05
6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions
How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for resilience investment. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.
| Quarter | Edition | Question | Boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | State and Agenda | What matters this year, and what is the starting position? | observed baseline stays distinct from planned work |
| Q2 | Evidence and Build | What new evidence and capability exist? | a configured capability is not a validated result |
| Q3 | Stress Test and Readiness | What do scenarios and tests show? | simulated loss or performance is not observed impact |
| Q4 | Annual Synthesis and Renewal | What changed in the year, and what renews? | release follows review, not event publicity deadlines |
| Steward or body | Role | Contribution route |
|---|---|---|
| The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada) | Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T) | science and practice communities · GCRI gateway |
| The Global Risks Forum (GRF) | leadership, dialogue and the Universe programme; public meaning (key M) | policy, Universe and national adoption · GRF gateway |
| The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) | finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F) | finance and insurance · GRA gateway |
| Nexus Standards | preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods | Standards site · working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI |
| Risk Academy | learning pathways tied to the agenda questions | Academy gateway · learning by review |
| Reports strategic desks | investment chapter inputs: GCRI evidence and GRA readiness | strategic editorial board |
Standards drafts used in this edition
- Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary
- Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects
- Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech
Standards calendar to watch
- Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026
- Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027
- Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition
6.4GCRI reading: the model card
GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology
6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.
Energy budgets build the grids, grids carry the loads, and losses decide how much money goes to repair. Treating each flow alone understates how a shortfall in one becomes a shortfall in all. This edition reads the system.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 01
Investment is one system
New build gets the headlines. The US report card shows that condition and upkeep drive the gap, and published adaptation studies report returns of 2 to 10 times cost. Measuring the upkeep share is the first task for national portfolios.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 02
Upkeep is investment too
Cat bonds reached USD 61.3 billion and insured shares reached a record in 2025, yet most losses in emerging economies stay uninsured. Risk transfer shifts who pays; it does not remove the loss.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 03
Cover moves, risk stays
Climate finance goals are large and recovery funds are small. About half of the pledges to the loss and damage fund had arrived by September 2025. Speed from pledge to project is a measurable asset.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 04
Pledges are not payments
6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 resilience investment readiness pack
The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.
| Item | Register | State at baseline | First 2027 entry |
|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | Global risk state delta | baseline set by this edition | changes against the baseline |
| E2 | WEFH+B state delta | five global system readings set | indicator updates and freshness |
| E3 | Agenda and Portfolio movement | eight agenda items · 6 proposed objects | admission decisions |
| E4 | Federation delivery register | national chapters in preparation | national chapters |
| E5 | Consortium capability register | national consortia forming | first contributions |
| E6 | Leadership questions and challenges | none yet | first challenge log |
| E7 | Foundry technical state | national environments prepared | first federation cut |
| E8 | Publication candidates | twelve findings carried forward | PUBLISH · HOLD dispositions |
| E9 | Universe readiness | one candidate mission | admission and role spine |
| E10 | Correction register | none | first federation-wide cycle |
Publication dispositions
- Publish
- Hold
- Needs evidence
- Restricted
- Superseded
6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
Instruments and published guidance that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.
- IN FORCE
- ADOPTED
- PUBLISHED · GUIDANCE
- PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY
| Instrument | Body | Scope | Status | Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paris Agreement, Article 2.1(c)34 | United Nations | global | IN FORCE | finance flows |
| New collective quantified goal on climate finance7 | UNFCCC | global | ADOPTED 2024 | climate finance goal |
| Sendai Framework 2015 to 203033 | UNDRR | global | ADOPTED 2015 | disaster risk reduction |
| Critical Entities Resilience Directive32 | European Union | EU | IN FORCE | critical entities |
| Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act37 | United States | US | IN FORCE | infrastructure funding |
| Special fund for infrastructure and climate neutrality1529 | Germany | Germany | IN FORCE | national fund |
| G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment41 | G20 | G20 | PUBLISHED · GUIDANCE | infrastructure investment |
| ISO 14091 climate change adaptation42 | ISO | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | vulnerability and risk |
| Good Governance for Critical Infrastructure Resilience40 | OECD | OECD | PUBLISHED · GUIDANCE | governance |
| IMF resilience and sustainability facility9 | IMF | global | IN FORCE | resilience lending |
| Fundamental Plan for National Resilience17 | Japan | Japan | IN FORCE | national plan |
Changed since 2024
- The IMF reported 27 resilience facility arrangements at end-February 20269
- The 2024 climate finance decision set a goal of USD 300 billion a year by 20357
- The EIB Group set a EUR 30 billion adaptation target for 2026 to 2030 in its Climate Bank Roadmap Phase 244. Post-close, context only: a trade report of 22 October 2026 covers the follow-on adaptation plan21
6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
The review behind this edition covers resilience investment assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.
Review protocol
- Question
- What does the published evidence establish about the world’s resilience investment and national portfolios and its couplings?
- Sources searched
- budget and fund pages; reinsurer and tracker reports; peer-reviewed adaptation economics; loss statistics
- Window
- releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026
- Selection
- sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition
- Next step
- systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027
| Reference | Type | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hallegatte, Rentschler and Walsh, Building Back Better38 | World Bank report | 2018 | framework | recovery |
| Rozenberg and Fay, Beyond the Gap39 | World Bank report | 2019 | framework | infrastructure investment |
| IPCC Working Group II, Sixth Assessment Report43 | assessment report | 2022 | context | adaptation limits |
| Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now26 | commission report | 2019 | supports | adaptation returns |
| Commentary on Adapt Now22 | think-tank commentary | 2019 | supports | adaptation returns |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNEP Adaptation Gap Report 202535 | UNEP | 2025 | context | adaptation finance gap |
| GAR 202523 | UNDRR | 2025 | context | disaster cost |
| Lifelines24 | World Bank and GFDRR | 2019 | context | infrastructure resilience |
| Climate finance decision7 | UNFCCC | 2024 | supports | finance goal |
| Report of the loss and damage fund Board8 | UNFCCC | 2025 | supports | fund resources |
| Resource adequacy update9 | IMF | 2026 | supports | resilience facility |
| Annual Report 202610 | IMF | 2026 | supports | resilience facility approvals |
| High-Risk List 202512 | US GAO | 2025 | supports | fiscal exposure to climate risk |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| World Energy Investment 2026 launch material1 | IEA | 2026 | supports | energy investment |
| World Energy Investment 2026 report36 | IEA | 2026 | context | grid investment detail |
| 2025 Report Card2 | ASCE | 2025 | supports | asset condition |
| Global Landscape of Climate Finance 20256 | Climate Policy Initiative | 2025 | supports | climate and adaptation finance |
| Fundamental Plan for National Resilience17 | Japan Cabinet Secretariat | 2023 | context | national plan cycle |
| Disaster Ready Fund page19 | New South Wales Government | 2023 | supports | national fund |
| Disaster Ready Fund audit30 | Australian National Audit Office | 2025 | context | fund award |
| 10 Year Infrastructure Strategy page14 | UK Government | 2025 | context | national strategy |
| Strategy funding statement28 | UK Parliament | 2025 | context | strategy total |
| Special fund page29 | German Federal Ministry of Finance | 2025 | context | special fund |
| Good Governance for Critical Infrastructure Resilience40 | OECD | 2019 | context | governance |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural disaster figures for 20253 | Munich Re | 2026 | supports | disaster losses |
| Natural catastrophes in 2025, trade report4 | Swiss Re Institute via trade press | 2026 | supports | disaster losses and cover |
| sigma 1/202625 | Swiss Re Institute | 2026 | context | disaster losses and cover |
| Cat bond market records5 | Artemis | 2026 | supports | risk transfer |
| EU budget proposal summary20 | European Parliament | 2025 | supports | EU budget |
| Competitiveness fund reports31 | trade press | 2025 | context | fund envelope |
| Climate Bank Roadmap Phase 244 | European Investment Bank | 2025 | supports | EIB adaptation target |
| Adaptation plan report21 | trade press | 2026 | post-close, context only | EIB adaptation plan |
| Global Shield reporting27 | trade and agency pages | 2025 | context | prearranged finance |
Where the evidence agrees
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 3Munich Re (ed.), Natural disaster figures for 2025 (media information, 2026; overall losses about USD 224 billion; insured losses about USD 108 billion; weather events 92% of overall losses; Los Angeles wildfires about USD 53 billion overall). Munich Re, Munich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5Artemis (ed.), Catastrophe bond market records that were broken in 2025 (issuance about USD 25.6 billion; outstanding market just over USD 61.3 billion; 122 new 144A and private deals). Artemis, Bermuda. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 6Climate Policy Initiative (ed.), Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2025 (publication page, 23 June 2025; global climate finance USD 1.9 trillion in 2023; adaptation finance USD 65 billion, likely an underestimate; international flows to emerging and developing economies USD 196 billion, 78% public). Climate Policy Initiative, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations, Paris Agreement, 2015, Article 2.1(c) on finance flows consistent with low-emission and climate-resilient development, cited from memory. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 7UNFCCC (ed.), New collective quantified goal on climate finance, decision text FCCC/PA/CMA/2024/L.22, 24 November 2024 (at least USD 300 billion a year by 2035; call for USD 1.3 trillion a year from all sources; adaptation finance needs USD 215 to 387 billion a year to 2030). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 to 2030, cited from memory. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 32UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022/2557 on the resilience of critical entities, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Public Law 117-58, 2021, cited from memory; the congressional research page returned an access error. United States Congress, Washington. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 15Noerr (ed.), Bundestag approves exemption from the debt brake for defence spending and special funds for investments in infrastructure and climate protection (law-firm note; Bundestag vote 18 March 2025, Bundesrat 21 March 2025; EUR 100 billion for the Climate and Transformation Fund and EUR 100 billion for the states; twelve-year term). Noerr, Berlin. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 29UNVERIFIED, not opened: German Federal Ministry of Finance, Special fund infrastructure and climate neutrality (EUR 500 billion total, from a search summary); the page returned a service error. Bundesministerium der Finanzen, Berlin. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: G20, Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment, 2019, cited from memory. G20. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 14091:2021, Adaptation to climate change: guidelines on vulnerability, impacts and risk assessment. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: OECD (ed.), Good Governance for Critical Infrastructure Resilience. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 9IMF (ed.), 2026 Update of Resource Adequacy of the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust, Resilience and Sustainability Trust, and Debt Relief Trusts, policy paper, 6 March 2026 (27 RSF arrangements; commitments SDR 10.3 billion, about USD 14 billion; five new RSFs in 2025 for SDR 3.4 billion). International Monetary Fund, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 17Cabinet Secretariat of Japan (ed.), Fundamental Plan for National Resilience (English page; the plan is reviewed about every five years; no five-year amount on the page read). Cabinet Secretariat, Tokyo. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 44EIB (ed.), EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap Phase 2: 2026-2030 (publication page dated 3 October 2025; new target of EUR 30 billion for climate adaptation finance for 2026 to 2030, doubling 2021 to 2025 volumes). European Investment Bank, Luxembourg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 21POST-CLOSE, context only: ESG Today (ed.), EIB unveils EUR 30 billion climate adaptation plan (trade report of 22 October 2026; at least EUR 30 billion for adaptation in 2026 to 2030). ESG Today, online. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Post-close, context only: dated after the 30 September 2026 close; supports no baseline claim.back
- 20European Parliament (ed.), European Competitiveness Fund, legislative observatory summary (proposed envelope EUR 234.3 billion for 2028 to 2034; multiannual financial framework described as a EUR 2 trillion budget). European Parliament, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 31UNVERIFIED, not opened: trade-press reports of the European Competitiveness Fund envelope (figures between EUR 409 billion and EUR 451 billion), taken from search-result summaries; the figures conflict with the Parliament summary [20]. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 11FEMA (ed.), Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (programme page updated 3 September 2026; fiscal years 2024 and 2025 funding opportunity of USD 1 billion published 25 March 2026; applications closed 23 July 2026). Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Walsh, B., Building Back Better: Achieving Resilience through Stronger, Faster, and More Inclusive Post-Disaster Reconstruction. World Bank, Washington, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: Rozenberg, J. and Fay, M., Beyond the Gap: How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet. World Bank, Washington, 2019, cited from memory. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: IPCC, Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Working Group II contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report. Cambridge University Press. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 26UNVERIFIED, not opened: Global Commission on Adaptation, Adapt Now: A Global Call for Leadership on Climate Resilience, 2019, known through a commentary that was opened [22]. Global Center on Adaptation, Rotterdam. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 22World Resources Institute (ed.), 4 things to know about the global adaptation challenge (commentary of 10 September 2019 on the Global Commission on Adaptation; USD 1.8 trillion invested 2020 to 2030 could yield USD 7.1 trillion net benefits; benefit-cost ratios about 2 to 1 to 10 to 1). World Resources Institute, Washington. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 35UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP (ed.), Adaptation Gap Report 2025: Running on Empty, taken from search-result summaries (needs USD 310 to 365 billion a year by 2035; international public adaptation finance USD 26 billion in 2023; 59% as debt); the report pages returned access errors. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 23UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025: Resilience Pays, taken from search-result summaries; the report pages returned access errors; no figure used in the findings. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 24UNVERIFIED, not opened: Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity, cited from memory; no figure used. World Bank and GFDRR, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 8UNFCCC (ed.), Report of the Board of the Fund for responding to Loss and Damage, addendum FCCC/CP/2025/10/Add.1, 10 November 2025 (pledges USD 790.24 million and amount received USD 397.74 million at 23 September 2025; 27 contributors). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10IMF (ed.), Lending, 2026 IMF Annual Report (five RSF requests agreed in the year to 30 April 2026, about SDR 1.8 billion). International Monetary Fund, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 12GAO (ed.), High-Risk List 2025 (38 areas; includes limiting the federal fiscal exposure by better managing climate change risks). US Government Accountability Office, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 1IEA (ed.), World Energy Investment 2026, launch presentation (11 pages, Paris, 28 May 2026; global energy investment USD 3.4 trillion in 2026 estimate against USD 2.6 trillion in 2015; electricity supply and infrastructure USD 1.6 trillion). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), World Energy Investment 2026 full report (grid investment near USD 550 billion in 2026, from press summaries); the report page returned an access error. International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2ASCE (ed.), 2025 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure (overall grade C; ten-year investment gap USD 3.6 trillion; energy D+, drinking water C−, dams D+). American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 19NSW Government (ed.), Disaster Ready Fund (page on the Commonwealth programme; AUD 1 billion nationally over five years from 1 July 2023 to 30 June 2028). New South Wales Government, Sydney. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 30UNVERIFIED, not opened: Australian National Audit Office, Award of funding under the Disaster Ready Fund, audit report, taken from search-result summaries; the page returned a service error. Australian National Audit Office, Canberra. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 14HM Treasury and NISTA (eds.), UK Infrastructure: A 10 Year Strategy (publication page; published 19 June 2025; no funding total on the page). UK Government, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 28UNVERIFIED, not opened: UK Parliament, written statement HCWS717 on the 10 Year Infrastructure Strategy, June 2025, taken from search-result summaries; the page returned an access error; no figure used. UK Parliament, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 4Artemis (ed.), report on the Swiss Re Institute sigma 1/2026 natural catastrophe figures for 2025 (insured losses USD 107 billion; overall losses USD 220 billion; about 49% insured; 92% of insured losses from secondary perils; 80 to 90% of losses typically uninsured in emerging economies). Read in this trade report, not in the sigma itself. Artemis, Bermuda. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 25UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Re Institute, sigma 1/2026, Natural catastrophes in 2025, taken from a trade report and search-result summaries; the sigma page returned an access error. Swiss Re Institute, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 27UNVERIFIED, not opened: Global Shield against Climate Risks, funding and payout reports, taken from search-result summaries; no figure used in the copy. Global Shield secretariat. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16Tribune India (ed.), Japan approves 20 trillion yen plan for disaster resilient infrastructure (press agency report of 7 June 2025; more than 20 trillion yen over fiscal 2026 to 2030). Tribune India, Chandigarh. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back