Characterising qubit noise
Noise sources affecting qubits are identified through spectroscopy and randomised benchmarking, so that improvements can be targeted and reported with their uncertainty.
GCRI · Quantum Technologies
Quantum physics in practice
Physics and quantum science is the science this platform stewards for the network. It provides the theory and experiments behind superposition, entanglement and decoherence, and the measurement science that tells genuine quantum effects from noise and artefacts.
01Register
Quantum physics in practice on the record.
Method recordSTEM method
- MethodPhysics and quantum science
- StewardQuantum Technologies
- Applied inQuantum Technologies
- Data3 inputs
- Checks3 validation steps
- Canonical pageSTEM Commons
02Application
What physics and quantum science does here.
Physics studies matter, energy and their interactions, from fundamental particles to large-scale systems. It provides the governing equations used across hazard modelling, sensing and engineering. In quantum and cyber and digital resilience, physical principles constrain hazard models, sensor design and engineering limits. They help distinguish physically plausible scenarios from implausible ones. The canonical description is on the STEM Commons.
Metrology of quantum clocks
Clock comparisons across laboratories evaluate systematic uncertainties and stability, following the practices of national metrology institutes and the BIPM.
Verifying quantum effects
Experiments are designed with controls that rule out classical explanations, such as tests of entanglement witnesses or loophole-free Bell tests.
03Methods and evidence
How quantum physics in practice is modelled, measured and tested.
The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.
System model
The couplings between the systems in quantum physics in practice: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
FAIR guiding principles · GO FAIR and FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
04Data
What the method consumes.
Datasets and records used by physics and quantum science on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in the source register.
| Data | Role | Label |
|---|---|---|
| Device characterisation data | Noise and performance | OBSERVED |
| Clock comparison results | Metrology | OBSERVED |
| Peer-reviewed experiments | Evidence base | REPORTED |
05Process
How the process runs.
Process
Quantum physics in practice: Post-quantum cryptography migration
NIST published FIPS 203, 204 and 205 on 13 August 2024; the migration steps are common practice, and the IR 8547 timeline is a draft.
01 Discover
- 01Cryptographic inventoryDatasetOrganisations must find where vulnerable algorithms are used and plan to replace or update them. The inventory lists algorithms and keys.
- 02Prioritise by data lifetime and exposureStepIR 8547 names the harvest now, decrypt later threat. Systems holding long-lived sensitive data come first.
02 Plan
- 03Select standardised algorithmsStepFIPS 203, 204 and 205 specify ML-KEM, ML-DSA and SLH-DSA. Falcon and HQC were selected for ongoing standardisation.
- 04Vendor roadmapsDataset · Cryptography leadHardware security modules and libraries need vendor support for the selected algorithms. Roadmaps come from each vendor.
03 Deploy
- 05Hybrid deploymentModelIR 8547 says migration may start with hybrids of quantum-resistant and quantum-vulnerable algorithms, secure if one component is secure.
- 06TestExerciseInteroperability, performance and fallback are tested before cut-over.
- 07Cut over and retireDecision · Cryptography leadIn draft IR 8547, 112-bit public-key algorithms are deprecated after 2030 and quantum-vulnerable ones disallowed after 2035.
04 Sustain
- 08Crypto agilityStepCrypto agility is the ability to replace and adapt cryptographic algorithms while preserving security and ongoing operations.
Neutral outline of a published external standard or method, from its issuing body. Not a record of operation. Nexus does not perform, certify or approve any step shown. A gate or decision belongs to the party the source names.
06Validation
How results are checked.
Theories are tested by reproducible experiments and precise measurement. Numerical codes are verified against analytical solutions and benchmark problems.
| Check | How it is done |
|---|---|
| Independent replication | Key results are checked for independent reproduction |
| Uncertainty budgets | Measurements carry full uncertainty budgets |
| Classical controls | Experiments include controls that exclude classical explanations |
Idealised models may omit friction, heterogeneity or coupling present in real systems. Scale transfer from laboratory to field introduces error.
07Connections
Topics that rely on this method.
08Stewardship
Who maintains the method.
Quantum Technologies stewards physics and quantum science for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
09Questions
Questions and answers.
What are the limits of physics and quantum science in this field?
Idealised models may omit friction, heterogeneity or coupling present in real systems. Scale transfer from laboratory to field introduces error.
How are results checked?
Theories are tested by reproducible experiments and precise measurement. Numerical codes are verified against analytical solutions and benchmark problems.
Are the values on this page real?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
Where else is this method applied?
The canonical method page lists every platform that applies it.
ReportsContribute
Contribute evidence from this page.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
GCRIQuantum TechnologiesExponential TechnologyForesight Outlook
- EmailGateway GW-GCRISend it from this pageEvidence, a correction, a case, a method, a review, a translation or profile input. It arrives tagged with this page, so the editor who owns it receives it.
- ZenodoOpen depositDeposit it and submit to the communityPublish your own record on Zenodo with your ORCID iD, then submit it to the Reports community there. Curators review it; the DOI stays yours.
- ReportsGCRISee every way to contributeThe contribution types, how each is reviewed, what credit you receive, the licence and what is never accepted.
Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.
Quantum Technologies
Bring a method, a dataset or a question.
Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.
Legal
Legal documents.
Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.