GCRI · Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

Trustworthy artificial intelligence, robotics-enabled autonomy, computational methods and social effects. Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation.

STEM methods
7
Canonical methods this field applies
Topics
8
Subject pages in the field
Counterparts
3
Platforms in shared fields across the network
Report series
2
Reports series it contributes to
01Workspace

The workspace for Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems.

Model registry

Model registry · Release gate · Example interface, not a record

One model blocked at gateGCRI · Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

Models

M-463 triage assistantPublic serviceHigh21 of 24 suitesBlocked
M-896 flood nowcastScienceMedium11 of 12Released
M-308 document searchInternalLow7 of 8Released
M-641 agent plannerAgenticHigh9 of 16Evaluating

Model card

Intended use
triage support, human decides
Out of scope
eligibility decisions
Known limits
lower accuracy on rare cases
Owner
Model owner

Incident log

  1. D-14INCHallucinated citation in summary
  2. D-7MITRetrieval grounding added
  3. D-4INCPrompt injection via uploaded file
  4. D-1MITTool permission narrowed
Model registry.Illustrative interface; not live data.

Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems · Model registry. Model registry: example names and illustrative values, not a record.

02What the platform does

Evaluation science for AI and autonomy.

The platform’s methods are model assessment, reliability analysis, AI evaluation and the design of human oversight. It is designed to produce a library of AI safety methods, sector use-case studies and evaluation protocols that others can inspect and reuse.

Audience

Who it serves

AI researchers, applied scientists, safety engineers and public-sector technologists, with the operators and reviewers who deploy and scrutinise AI.

Methods

How it works

Benchmark design, statistical evaluation, red-teaming, reliability engineering and studies of human-AI interaction, each with stated limits.

Outputs

What it is designed to publish

An AI safety method library, sector use-case studies and evaluation protocols, through reviewed publication.

The platform does technical AI science. It does not regulate AI, certify or approve systems, or write policy; governance belongs with The Global Risks Forum (GRF) and financial-sector model risk with The Global Risks Alliance (GRA).

03Simulator

A threshold model of collective behaviour.

Each agent acts once enough of its contacts have; small changes in the mean threshold or the early movers decide whether the behaviour stays local or cascades through the population. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction.

Controls

Mean threshold (share of neighbours)
18%
Spread of thresholds
8 points
Early movers
2.0% of people
Contacts per person
8

Readouts

Share who acted in the end
100%
Global cascade
Yes
Steps to settle
11
Numbers, methods and sources
StepShare who have acted (%)
01.0
13.5
210.5
322.0
436.8
555.3
670.3
782.3
892.8
999.0
10100.0
11100.0

Methods

  1. Threshold models of collective behaviour Granovetter (1978), American Journal of Sociology 83
  2. Global cascades on random networks Watts (2002), PNAS 99
  3. Complex contagions Centola and Macy (2007), American Journal of Sociology 113
  4. One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

Data

No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.

A threshold model of collective behaviour. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Threshold models of collective behaviour (Granovetter (1978), American Journal of Sociology 83); Global cascades on random networks (Watts (2002), PNAS 99); Complex contagions (Centola and Macy (2007), American Journal of Sociology 113).
05Methods and evidence

How Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems is modelled, measured and tested.

The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.

System model

The couplings between the systems in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+Artificial intelligenceDataCommunitiesEconomyR reinforcingB balancing
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.

Model, equations and assumptions

The model structure used for Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

Risk of element iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)hazard, exposure, vulnerability and coping capacity
Expected annual lossEAL = ∑k pk · Lkover events k with annual probability pk
Coupled systemsxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
AssumptionWhy it is madeHow it is tested
Hazard and exposure are independent within an eventKeeps the loss integral tractableCompare with a copula fit on joint records
Couplings are linear near the operating pointLets shocks propagate through APerturb beyond the linear range and compare
Vulnerability curves transfer between placesLocal curves are rarely availableValidate against observed losses where they exist
Inputs
versioned datasets with provenance
Outputs
distributions, never single numbers
Code
released with the model card and tests
Reproduction
same data, code, environment and seed
Standard risk and state-space formulations; the assumptions listed are typical of the method, stated for review, not results.
FAIR guiding principles · GO FAIR and FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
06Frameworks

What the work is read against.

The platform does not set standards. It reads its evidence against the frameworks that competent bodies have adopted, so a finding can be placed where a decision-maker already works.

Framework or standardBodyWhat it sets
AI Risk Management Framework and Generative AI ProfileUS National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Functions and practices to govern, map, measure and manage AI risks
Artificial Intelligence ActEuropean UnionRisk-based obligations for AI systems placed on the EU market, including high-risk and general-purpose models
ISO/IEC 42001 and ISO/IEC 23894ISO and IEC (JTC 1/SC 42)An AI management system standard and guidance on AI risk management
OECD Recommendation on Artificial IntelligenceOECD CouncilPrinciples for trustworthy AI and recommendations to governments, adhered to beyond OECD members
Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial IntelligenceUNESCOValues, principles and policy areas for ethical AI adopted by member states
Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of LawCouncil of EuropeA treaty on AI activities across their life cycle consistent with human rights
International AI Safety ReportIndependent experts, commissioned by governments after the AI Safety Summit seriesA scientific synthesis of capabilities and risks of general-purpose AI
OWASP Top 10 for Large Language Model ApplicationsOWASP FoundationCommon security risks in applications built on large language models
ISO 10218 Robots and robotic devices: safety requirements for industrial robotsInternational Organization for StandardizationSafety requirements for industrial robots and their integration
07Overview

What Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems does.

AI risk is the potential for AI systems and autonomous machines to cause harm through errors, misuse, insecurity or their effects on society. Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems covers model evaluation, agents, AI security, AI in science and public services, autonomous physical systems, compute and energy, and labour. Developers, deployers and regulators decide.

Who it serves

Its community

AI researchers; applied scientists; safety engineers; public-sector technologists.

How it works

Its methods

Model assessment; reliability; AI evaluation; human oversight.

What it produces

Its outputs

AI safety method library; sector use-case studies; evaluation protocols.

08Mandate and boundaries

What AI and Autonomous Systems studies, and what it never vouches for.

Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems, studies how AI models and autonomous machines are evaluated, secured, deployed and governed, and what they change for public services, science, energy use and work. It vouches for no model, rates no provider and interprets no law for a client; developers, deployers, regulators and the people affected decide.

Evaluation results shown here are illustrations unless marked as released. A benchmark score is evidence about a test, not about every use.

10Reports, standards and contributions

Where AI evidence goes.

AI evaluations are designed for the Exponential Technology series and tested systems for the Labs Evidence series. Models studied would carry model cards under NS-12 of the proposed Nexus Standards.

  • Evaluators can contribute test designs and held-out datasets.
  • Public bodies can share AI deployment reviews.
  • Anyone can report an AI incident they observed in a public service.
11The problem

Capable systems, uncertain behaviour.

Modern AI systems learn their behaviour from data rather than following rules written by engineers. That is the source of their power and of the central difficulty in trusting them.

Technical

Validity and robustness

Whether measured performance holds outside the test set, under distribution shift and against adversaries.

Systemic

Shared dependencies

Concentration in models, compute and data creates common points of failure across sectors.

Social

Effects on people

Errors and biases fall unevenly, and public trust depends on accountability that people can see.

A model that performs well on a benchmark may fail on inputs that differ subtly from its training data, may be confidently wrong, and may behave differently after an update. Large language models can produce fluent but false statements. Systems that can call tools, browse, write code or move in the physical world turn these errors into actions. Adversaries can manipulate inputs, poison training data or extract information the model should not reveal.

Failures cascade because AI is increasingly embedded in other systems: public services that decide eligibility, scientific pipelines that generate hypotheses, grid and logistics operations, and the security tools that defend networks. The same few foundation models, cloud platforms and chip supply chains sit beneath many applications, so a single weakness can be widely shared. Meanwhile the electricity and water used by large data centres connect AI to energy and climate systems.

The science problem is how to measure what these systems can and cannot do, under which conditions, with what uncertainty, and how to keep humans meaningfully in control of consequential decisions.

12Foundations and counterparts

Grounded in STEM, connected across the Consortium.

The platform is the steward of two STEM Commons nodes, artificial intelligence and machine learning and AI evaluation and assurance engineering. It also applies high-performance, cloud and edge computing, probability and statistics, cybersecurity and cryptography, social and behavioural science and robotics and automation; see the STEM foundation.

13Coverage

The areas of artificial intelligence this platform takes on.

Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems studies how AI models and autonomous machines are evaluated, secured, deployed and governed, and what they change for science, public services, energy use and work. Its pages set out the evaluation methods, incident evidence, security practice, standards and social research behind each question, with every value labelled by its evidence and every limit stated. It prepares methods and evidence; developers, deployers, regulators and the people affected decide.

Area

Model evaluation

Measuring what models can do, where they fail and how far results generalise beyond the test.

Area

Agentic systems

AI systems that plan and take actions with tools, and the oversight their autonomy requires.

Area

AI and cybersecurity

Attacks on AI systems, AI used in attacks and defence, and the security of the AI supply chain.

Area

AI in science

Machine learning for prediction, simulation and discovery, and the reproducibility questions it raises.

Area

AI and public services

Algorithms in benefits, health, justice and administration, with accountability to the people affected.

Area

Autonomous physical systems

Robots, vehicles and drones that sense and act in the physical world, and their safety.

Area

Compute and energy

The chips, data centres, electricity and water that training and running AI require.

Area

Labour and social effects

How AI changes tasks, jobs, skills, information and the distribution of benefits and harms.

14Grounding

Built on named science, technology, engineering and mathematics.

Every claim on Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems rests on methods with a canonical page in the STEM Commons, so readers can see what a finding depends on and where its limits lie.

Artificial intelligence and machine learningAI evaluation and assurance engineeringHigh-performance, cloud and edge computingProbability and statisticsCybersecurity and cryptographySocial and behavioural scienceRobotics and automation

See the STEM foundation of Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

15Cycle

How work moves in this field.

A question becomes evidence, a governed build, an organised community, a controlled test, a reviewed publication and, finally, a decision taken by the competent authority under its own rules.

  1. Question Universe National, regional or institutional priority. Question in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
  2. Evidence Foundry STEM foundation of the platform. Evidence in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
  3. Build Foundry Foundry. Build in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
  4. Organise Universe Nexus ecosystem. Organise in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
  5. Test Universe Universe (independent site). Test in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
  6. Publish Reports Reports. Publish in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
  7. Decide Competent authority Competent authorities and institutions, through NXS-RLS (participants, agreements and handoffs). Decide in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems
  8. Renew Universe Corrections and the next annual agenda. Renew in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

Each step of the cycle in the pillar it runs in; the decision stays with the competent authority, outside the programme.

16Six pillars

How this works across the six pillars.

Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems works through six pillars of one annual programme, led by the Nexus Consortium, with GCRI, GRF and GRA each contributing in its role: explore, experiment and prototype in Labs, build, simulate and prepare in Foundry, convene and test in Universe, codify, correct and apply in Nexus Standards, publish in every format in Reports, teach in the open in Risk Academy.

Select pillars · hover lines18 / 18 handoffs

Route

The whole programme

Every pillar hands its work to another; together they close the year’s feedback loops.

L · F · U · S · R · A

Pillars
6 of 6
Handoffs
18 of 18
Loops
17 closed

Handoffs in play

  • F01Universe → Foundry · Admitted mission becomes a cycle project with a decision caseReadiness preparation
  • F02Foundry → Universe · Core Build Report and go or no-go evidenceControlled build
  • F03Foundry → Reports · Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profileCloseout
  • F04Universe → Reports · After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13After-action review

and 14 more

F01 to F14 are the recorded handoffs of the programme year, each with the artefact that moves and its phase; R1, R2, R3 and R4 carry work around the ring. A loop counts when every pillar on it is selected. Every pillar is led by the Nexus Consortium.
  1. LabsWhere questions become experiments and prototypes: new methods, data and tools are tried in the open, with their limits on record, before the Foundry builds them, under the Nexus Consortium.Labs
  2. FoundryWhere methods, data and models become reproducible builds, each run with its inputs, version and limits on record.Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems in FoundryFoundry
  3. UniverseWhere a build is tested under controlled conditions with independent evaluators, so a method’s skill is measured, not assumed.Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems in Universeuniverse.nexus
  4. Nexus StandardsWhere methods, identifiers and data schemas are codified in the open and corrected when a test finds a fault.Digital, Cyber and AI in Standardsnexustandards.com
  5. ReportsWhere findings are published with their method, uncertainty and evidence class, and corrected as new versions.Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems in ReportsReports
  6. Risk AcademyWhere methods and systems are taught on real data and real places, by working the case, on Risk Academy.Faculty of Technology and Digital Systems in Academyrisksacademy.com
17Consortium

The same field, seen three ways.

GCRI studies a field as science, GRF governs it and GRA builds shared financial understanding of it. Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems links to its counterparts so that work on one side is visible on the others.

20Questions

Questions and answers.

Who publishes Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems?
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) publishes Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems and is responsible for what it publishes. GCRI is a research, development and policy institution. It is not a regulator, and it does not certify, license or approve; its findings carry their methods and uncertainty.
Is Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems active?
Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems is an established platform of The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation. Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.
How can I contribute?
Start with the participation paths or write to the contact form. An enquiry receives a reference; it does not create membership, a role or an assignment.
Where are findings published?
Reviewed outputs appear on the publications page, and contributions to the Reports series are listed on Publish in Reports.
Which values on this platform are real?
Indicator names, units, sources, methods and frameworks are real. Levels in figures and canvases are examples in a design. A programme replaces them with labelled evidence it owns.
How do I report an error?
Use corrections and concerns, or write to the integrity concern form. A correction is recorded as a new version, never a silent edit.
Who publishes the platform?
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) publishes Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems and answers for its content. GCRI does not regulate, certify, license or approve.
Will the platform certify or approve AI systems?
No. It develops and publishes evaluation methods and studies. An evaluation describes what was tested and how; it is not a certificate, an approval or a procurement status.
ReportsContribute

Contribute evidence from this page.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIArtificial Intelligence and Autonomous SystemsExponential TechnologyLabs Evidence
How it works

How Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems works.

Choose a view and press Play to follow the platform’s process, its programme year, the standards it applies and how its findings are published. The outline shows how the work is designed to run, not the status of any decision.

Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

How Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems works

Platforms · Programme year · Standards · Reports

A platform joins a field to named methods, labelled evidence and the outputs it publishes, without becoming the authority it serves.

  1. 01 Scope

    1. 01Field and familiesStart · The platform leadThe home states the field, its families and who it serves.
    2. 02Topic dossiersRecord · Platform authorsTopics explain the subject with labelled evidence.
  2. 02 Evidence

    1. 03Evidence labelsRecord · GCRIEach value is labelled: observed, published statistics, estimated, modelled, scenario or unknown.
    2. 04MethodsStep · Method ownersMethods come from the STEM Commons, each with one canonical page.
  3. 03 Work

    1. 05Scenarios on the systemsModel · Foundry pillarScenarios run on the Nexus systems, labelled as scenario.
    2. 06Standards that applyRecord · Nexus StandardsThe platform names the standards that apply. A validator report is evidence for review.
  4. 04 Publish

    1. 07EditionsRecord · ReportsFindings are published through Reports with their limits.
    2. 08Authority decidesOutcome · The competent authorityDecisions and execution stay with the government, operator or licensed institution.

Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems home · Platforms · Shared methodsAn outline of how the work is designed to run; it does not report the status of any decision or record.

Take part

Take part in Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems.

Start from who you are. Answer an open call. Or form and lead a competence cell on the Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems platform.

Route

National institutions

Ministries, statistics offices and agencies: a national desk and chapter, and a seat in the working groups. National chapters

Route

Sectors and professions

Operators, regulators, banks, insurers and professional bodies whose work touches Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems. Participate

Route

Learning

Courses and practice, with a record of every course completed. Free to study. Open learning

Route

Standards

Draft, review and adopt the methods and data standards with the working groups. Working groups

Route

Communities and research

Universities, civil society and individual experts: projects, data and review. Write to the team

The Global Risks Index

Every figure on this page is indexed: hazards, climate, conflict, the world.

The Index is the Consortium’s indexing system for risk data. Every indicator, hazard, series and country profile carries its Nexus Standards identifier, its source and its licence, so what this page shows can be traced, corrected and reused.

  1. 01 · Sources205 registered sourcesEvery value keeps its source and licence; withheld values are counted.Data and licences
  2. 02 · Nexus StandardsNIS-1 and NHS-1451 indicators, 905 hazards; every record carries a UNI.Nexus Standards
  3. 03 · The Index54 series, 195 country profilesComputed on the standards; no value is published until an edition is released.The Global Risks Index
  4. 04 · This pageArtificial Intelligence and Autonomous SystemsMaps, figures and feeds read the Index in the context of hazards, climate, conflict.Public API
Sources205registered, each with its licence
Indicators451NIS-1, 106 composites, 20 domain indices
Hazards905NHS-1, crosswalked to UNDRR-ISC HIPs
Series54global, sector, strategic, technology, thematic
Country profiles195one site per country

Series in this context hazards, climate, conflict

  1. GLBGlobal SystemsThe state of interdependent global risk: the twenty domain indices aggregated to the world, the five core systems (water, energy, food, health, biodiversity) and their couplings, the global tail register and the gap…NXS-GRX-AR-000002Hazards · Climate · Conflict
  2. THDisaster Risk Intelligence (DRI)Signals, observations, event streams, geospatial layers and scenario packs turned into structured risk intelligence for preparedness and planning.NXS-GRX-AR-000111Hazards · Climate · Conflict
  3. GSGlobal CitiesUrban exposure, heat, flooding, informal settlement, service dependency and the economic weight of cities at risk.NXS-GRX-AR-000068Hazards · Infrastructure · Climate
  4. GSGlobal ClimateChronic and acute physical climate hazard, transition exposure, adaptation gaps and scenario pathways to 2030, 2050 and 2100.NXS-GRX-AR-000065Climate · Hazards · Finance

All 54 series · The 20 domain indices

Country profiles the world

Every country profile carries the source and licence of each value. Correct a value or reply

Hazard domains NHS-1

Geodata and API open

Open layers on an equal-area hexagon grid, shown as densities per km² or as symbols: People · GHSL 2025People · WorldPop 2025Built-up areaPortsAirportsRoadsRailwaysRivers and lake centrelines

/api/v1/public/grix · https://nexustandards.com/uni/{uni}
Developers · Data · Made with Natural Earth, Public domain; GHSL and WorldPop, CC BY 4.0

Snapshot of the Index registries pinned 2026-10-23 · 22c6eed. Research and risk-analytics information: not a rating, an official classification, a warning, a benchmark or advice.

Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

Bring a method, a dataset or a question.

Information and enquiries are open today. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.

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