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GCRI · Zukunft der Arbeit und Kompetenzen

Arbeitsmarktwandel

Labour markets change continuously as sectors grow and shrink, technology shifts tasks, populations age and climate policy reshapes industries. The effects show up in which jobs exist, where, on what contracts and at what pay. This page sets out how labour market change happens, how it is measured with standard classifications, and what evidence serves the labour ministries, employers and unions who respond to it.

01Registrieren

Labour market change on the record.

02Die Frage

Labour market change: how the risk develops.

Sector employment and occupational risk. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mechanismus

Sectoral shifts move workers

Employment moves from agriculture and manufacturing toward services as economies develop, and from declining to growing industries during transitions.

Mechanismus

Contracts are changing

Temporary, part-time, on-call and platform work have grown in many countries, changing security, benefits and bargaining power.

Mechanismus

Demography reshapes supply

Ageing reduces the working-age population in some countries, while young populations in others need many new jobs each year.

Mechanismus

Climate change and policy reallocate jobs

Heat, extreme weather and decarbonisation affect jobs in agriculture, construction, energy and transport, creating and ending work in different places.

03Methoden und Evidenz

How labour market change is modelled, measured and tested.

Das Modell, seine Annahmen, seine Daten und seine Unsicherheit in der Form, in der eine Wissenschaftlerin oder ein Ingenieur sie prüfen würde. Die Strukturen folgen veröffentlichten Methoden. Die dargestellten Werte sind illustrativ, keine Befunde.

Systemmodell

The couplings between the systems in labour market change: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++ArbeitGesellschaftKünstliche IntelligenzGemeinschaftenWirtschaftR verstärkendB ausgleichend
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR-Leitprinzipien · GO FAIR und FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumHinweise zur einheitlichen Behandlung von Unsicherheiten · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
04Domänenübergreifend

Labour markets change with shocks in every domain.

05Indikatoren

Was gemessen wird und wie gut.

Jeder Indikator trägt seine Einheit, seinen Rhythmus, die Art der zugrunde liegenden Quelle und die Evidenzkennzeichnung, die ein Wert tragen würde. Es werden keine Werte gezeigt: Ein Programm liefert sie unter seiner eigenen Autorität.

IndikatorEinheitTaktQuellentypKennzeichnung
Employment-to-population ratiopercentvierteljährlichLabour force surveysVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Employment by sector and occupationpercent of employmentjährlichLabour force surveys using ISCOVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Temporary employmentpercent of employeesjährlichLabour force surveysVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Labour underutilisationpercent of extended labour forcevierteljährlichLabour force surveysVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Job vacancy ratepercent of posts vacantvierteljährlichVacancy surveysVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Real median wagecurrency units in constant pricesjährlichWage statisticsVeröffentlichte Statistiken
06Quellen

Woher die Evidenz stammt.

Benannte öffentliche Datensätze und institutionelle Aufzeichnungen, jeweils mit ihrer Lizenzklasse. Quellen auf Vereinbarungsbasis werden nur zu ihren Bedingungen genutzt und niemals weiterveröffentlicht.

QuelleWas es liefertLizenzklasse
ILOSTATEmployment, unemployment, underutilisation and wagesOffen, CC BY 4.0
OECD Employment Outlook and labour statisticsLabour market trends and policy analysisPublic, OECD terms
Eurostat labour force surveyEmployment by sector, occupation and contract typeOpen, Eurostat reuse policy
National labour force surveysEmployment structureLicence per statistics office
Online job posting data summariesDemand by occupation and skillCommercial; public summaries (to check)
07Entscheidungen

Wer entscheidet und wozu die Evidenz dient.

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Wer entscheidetDie FrageEvidenz, der diese Seite dient
Labour ministriesWhich sectors and groups need transition supportChange profiles; scenarios
Employers’ organisations and unionsWhat to negotiate on contracts and transitionsJob quality evidence
Public employment servicesWhere to focus job matching and trainingVacancy and underutilisation evidence

Ergebnisse, die dieses Thema hervorbringt

  • Labour market change profiles by sector and region
  • Contract and job quality analyses
  • Transition scenarios for climate-affected sectors
  • Evidence notes for employment strategies
08Kernfragen

What labour economists ask.

  • Which sectors and occupations are growing or shrinking, where and for whom?
  • Is change driven by technology, trade, demand, demography or policy?
  • Are displaced workers finding comparable work, and how long does it take?
  • Are labour markets becoming more polarised between high- and low-paid work?
09Mechanismen

Drivers of structural change.

Technology changes the relative productivity of tasks, shifting demand towards skills that complement it. Trade and global value chains move production between countries. Demographic ageing shrinks labour supply in some economies and increases demand for care work. Consumer demand shifts as incomes rise. Public policy, from minimum wages to industrial strategy, shapes all of these.

Change is uneven. Earlier computerisation reduced demand for routine middle-skill jobs in many economies, a pattern called job polarisation. Workers displaced from declining industries often face lasting earnings losses, especially older workers and those in places with few alternatives.

10Methoden und Daten

Measuring change and its limits.

  1. 01

    Labour force surveys and administrative data

    Employment, hours and earnings by sector and occupation. Informal work is poorly captured in many countries.

  2. 02

    Occupational risk indicators

    Measures of exposure to automation, trade or climate built from task data, using Ökonomie und Entwicklungsökonomie. Exposure is not the same as job loss.

  3. 03

    Displacement studies

    Following workers after job loss with linked data and Ökonometrie. Such data exist in relatively few countries.

  4. 04

    Vacancy and online job data

    Near-real-time signals of skill demand. Online postings over-represent some occupations and regions.

11Methoden

Wie es untersucht wird und was die Methoden nicht sagen können.

  1. Volkswirtschaft und EntwicklungsökonomieTätigkeitsbasierte Analyse von Technologie · Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen · Ökonomie des gerechten ÜbergangsHier angewandt
  2. ÖkonometrieVerdrängungseffekte mit verknüpften Daten · Evaluierung von Weiterbildungsprogrammen · ArbeitskräfteprojektionenHier angewandt
  3. Sozial- und VerhaltenswissenschaftenErhebungen zur Arbeitsqualität · Studien zum sozialen Dialog · Forschung zur LernerfahrungHier angewandt
12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Die Gremien und Dokumente, vor deren Hintergrund diese Seite gelesen wird. Status und Ausgaben ändern sich; jeder Link führt zur herausgebenden Stelle.

13Fragen

Fragen und Antworten.

What is labour underutilisation?
A broad measure combining unemployment, time-related underemployment and the potential labour force, showing unmet need for work beyond the unemployment rate.
What is ISCO?
The International Standard Classification of Occupations, maintained by the ILO, used to classify jobs consistently across countries.
How does climate change affect jobs?
Through heat and extreme weather that reduce working hours and productivity, and through policies that shrink some industries and grow others.
What is job polarisation?
Growth in high-paid and low-paid jobs alongside a decline in middle-paid routine jobs, associated with earlier waves of computerisation in many economies.
Why do displaced workers lose earnings for years?
Their skills may be specific to a declining firm or industry, local alternatives may pay less, and long spells out of work can reduce future prospects.
Does the platform publish occupational risk rankings?
It publishes exposure indicators with their methods and uncertainty, not rankings of jobs that will disappear.
Can online job data replace surveys?
No. They are timely but unrepresentative. They complement surveys and administrative data rather than replacing them.
BerichteBeitragen

Evidenz von dieser Seite aus beitragen.

Berichte is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIZukunft der Arbeit und KompetenzenForesight-AusblickEvidenzpapier
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