GCRI · Futuro do trabalho e das competências

Mudança do mercado de trabalho

Labour markets change continuously as sectors grow and shrink, technology shifts tasks, populations age and climate policy reshapes industries. The effects show up in which jobs exist, where, on what contracts and at what pay. This page sets out how labour market change happens, how it is measured with standard classifications, and what evidence serves the labour ministries, employers and unions who respond to it.

01Registrar

Labour market change on the record.

02A pergunta

Labour market change: how the risk develops.

Sector employment and occupational risk. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Sectoral shifts move workers

Employment moves from agriculture and manufacturing toward services as economies develop, and from declining to growing industries during transitions.

Mecanismo

Contracts are changing

Temporary, part-time, on-call and platform work have grown in many countries, changing security, benefits and bargaining power.

Mecanismo

Demography reshapes supply

Ageing reduces the working-age population in some countries, while young populations in others need many new jobs each year.

Mecanismo

Climate change and policy reallocate jobs

Heat, extreme weather and decarbonisation affect jobs in agriculture, construction, energy and transport, creating and ending work in different places.

03Métodos e evidência

How labour market change is modelled, measured and tested.

O modelo, os seus pressupostos, os seus dados e a sua incerteza, na forma que um cientista ou engenheiro verificaria. As estruturas seguem métodos publicados. Os valores representados são ilustrativos, não conclusões.

Modelo de sistema

The couplings between the systems in labour market change: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++TrabalhoSociedadeInteligência artificialComunidadesEconomiaR de reforçoB equilíbrio
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Princípios orientadores FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientação sobre o tratamento consistente das incertezas · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
04Em todos os domínios

Labour markets change with shocks in every domain.

05Indicadores

O que é medido e com que qualidade.

Cada indicador leva sua unidade, sua periodicidade, o tipo de fonte por trás dele e a etiqueta de evidência que um valor levaria. Nenhum valor é mostrado: um programa os fornece sob sua própria autoridade.

IndicadorUnidadeCadênciaTipo de fonteRótulo
Employment-to-population ratiopercenttrimestralLabour force surveysEstatísticas publicadas
Employment by sector and occupationpercent of employmentanualLabour force surveys using ISCOEstatísticas publicadas
Temporary employmentpercent of employeesanualLabour force surveysEstatísticas publicadas
Labour underutilisationpercent of extended labour forcetrimestralLabour force surveysEstatísticas publicadas
Job vacancy ratepercent of posts vacanttrimestralVacancy surveysEstatísticas publicadas
Real median wagecurrency units in constant pricesanualWage statisticsEstatísticas publicadas
06Fontes

De onde vêm as evidências.

Conjuntos de dados públicos nomeados e registros institucionais, cada um com sua classe de licença. As fontes obtidas por acordo só são usadas nos seus termos e nunca são republicadas.

FonteO que ofereceClasse de licença
ILOSTATEmployment, unemployment, underutilisation and wagesAberto, CC BY 4.0
OECD Employment Outlook and labour statisticsLabour market trends and policy analysisPublic, OECD terms
Eurostat labour force surveyEmployment by sector, occupation and contract typeOpen, Eurostat reuse policy
National labour force surveysEmployment structureLicence per statistics office
Online job posting data summariesDemand by occupation and skillCommercial; public summaries (to check)
07Decisões

Quem decide, e a que servem as evidências.

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quem decideA perguntaEvidências a que esta página serve
Labour ministriesWhich sectors and groups need transition supportChange profiles; scenarios
Employers’ organisations and unionsWhat to negotiate on contracts and transitionsJob quality evidence
Public employment servicesWhere to focus job matching and trainingVacancy and underutilisation evidence

Produtos que este tema gera

  • Labour market change profiles by sector and region
  • Contract and job quality analyses
  • Transition scenarios for climate-affected sectors
  • Evidence notes for employment strategies
08Questões centrais

What labour economists ask.

  • Which sectors and occupations are growing or shrinking, where and for whom?
  • Is change driven by technology, trade, demand, demography or policy?
  • Are displaced workers finding comparable work, and how long does it take?
  • Are labour markets becoming more polarised between high- and low-paid work?
09Mecanismos

Drivers of structural change.

Technology changes the relative productivity of tasks, shifting demand towards skills that complement it. Trade and global value chains move production between countries. Demographic ageing shrinks labour supply in some economies and increases demand for care work. Consumer demand shifts as incomes rise. Public policy, from minimum wages to industrial strategy, shapes all of these.

Change is uneven. Earlier computerisation reduced demand for routine middle-skill jobs in many economies, a pattern called job polarisation. Workers displaced from declining industries often face lasting earnings losses, especially older workers and those in places with few alternatives.

10Métodos e dados

Measuring change and its limits.

  1. 01

    Labour force surveys and administrative data

    Employment, hours and earnings by sector and occupation. Informal work is poorly captured in many countries.

  2. 02

    Occupational risk indicators

    Measures of exposure to automation, trade or climate built from task data, using economia e economia do desenvolvimento. Exposure is not the same as job loss.

  3. 03

    Displacement studies

    Following workers after job loss with linked data and econometria. Such data exist in relatively few countries.

  4. 04

    Vacancy and online job data

    Near-real-time signals of skill demand. Online postings over-represent some occupations and regions.

11Métodos

Como é estudado e o que os métodos não podem dizer.

  1. Economia e economia do desenvolvimentoAnálise da tecnologia baseada em tarefas · Instituições do mercado de trabalho · Economia da transição justaAplicado aqui
  2. EconometriaEfeitos de deslocamento com dados vinculados · Avaliação de programas de formação · Projeções da força de trabalhoAplicado aqui
  3. Ciências sociais e comportamentaisPesquisas sobre a qualidade do emprego · Estudos sobre o diálogo social · Pesquisa sobre a experiência dos aprendizesAplicado aqui
12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Os organismos e documentos à luz dos quais esta página é lida. O estado e as edições mudam; cada ligação leva ao organismo emissor.

13Perguntas

Perguntas e respostas.

What is labour underutilisation?
A broad measure combining unemployment, time-related underemployment and the potential labour force, showing unmet need for work beyond the unemployment rate.
What is ISCO?
The International Standard Classification of Occupations, maintained by the ILO, used to classify jobs consistently across countries.
How does climate change affect jobs?
Through heat and extreme weather that reduce working hours and productivity, and through policies that shrink some industries and grow others.
What is job polarisation?
Growth in high-paid and low-paid jobs alongside a decline in middle-paid routine jobs, associated with earlier waves of computerisation in many economies.
Why do displaced workers lose earnings for years?
Their skills may be specific to a declining firm or industry, local alternatives may pay less, and long spells out of work can reduce future prospects.
Does the platform publish occupational risk rankings?
It publishes exposure indicators with their methods and uncertainty, not rankings of jobs that will disappear.
Can online job data replace surveys?
No. They are timely but unrepresentative. They complement surveys and administrative data rather than replacing them.
RelatóriosContribuir

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Relatórios is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIFuturo do trabalho e competênciasPanorama prospectivoResumo de evidências
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