Skip to content

GCRI · Futuro del lavoro e delle competenze

Cambiamento del mercato del lavoro

Labour markets change continuously as sectors grow and shrink, technology shifts tasks, populations age and climate policy reshapes industries. The effects show up in which jobs exist, where, on what contracts and at what pay. This page sets out how labour market change happens, how it is measured with standard classifications, and what evidence serves the labour ministries, employers and unions who respond to it.

01Registrare

Labour market change on the record.

02La domanda

Labour market change: how the risk develops.

Sector employment and occupational risk. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Meccanismo

Sectoral shifts move workers

Employment moves from agriculture and manufacturing toward services as economies develop, and from declining to growing industries during transitions.

Meccanismo

Contracts are changing

Temporary, part-time, on-call and platform work have grown in many countries, changing security, benefits and bargaining power.

Meccanismo

Demography reshapes supply

Ageing reduces the working-age population in some countries, while young populations in others need many new jobs each year.

Meccanismo

Climate change and policy reallocate jobs

Heat, extreme weather and decarbonisation affect jobs in agriculture, construction, energy and transport, creating and ending work in different places.

03Metodi ed evidenze

How labour market change is modelled, measured and tested.

Il modello, le sue ipotesi, i suoi dati e la sua incertezza, nella forma in cui uno scienziato o un ingegnere li verificherebbe. Le strutture seguono metodi pubblicati. I valori rappresentati sono illustrativi, non risultati.

Modello di sistema

The couplings between the systems in labour market change: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++LavoroSocietàIntelligenza artificialeComunitàEconomiaR di rinforzoB bilanciamento
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principi guida FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comitato sui satelliti per l'osservazione della Terra
04Tra i domini

Labour markets change with shocks in every domain.

05Indicatori

Cosa viene misurato e con quale accuratezza.

Ogni indicatore riporta la sua unità, la sua cadenza, il tipo di fonte su cui si basa e l'etichetta di evidenza che un valore riporterebbe. Non sono mostrati valori: un programma li fornisce sotto la propria autorità.

IndicatoreUnitàCadenzaTipo di fonteEtichetta
Employment-to-population ratiopercenttrimestraleLabour force surveysStatistiche pubblicate
Employment by sector and occupationpercent of employmentannualeLabour force surveys using ISCOStatistiche pubblicate
Temporary employmentpercent of employeesannualeLabour force surveysStatistiche pubblicate
Labour underutilisationpercent of extended labour forcetrimestraleLabour force surveysStatistiche pubblicate
Job vacancy ratepercent of posts vacanttrimestraleVacancy surveysStatistiche pubblicate
Real median wagecurrency units in constant pricesannualeWage statisticsStatistiche pubblicate
06Fonti

Da dove provengono le evidenze.

Set di dati pubblici e registri istituzionali specifici, ciascuno con la sua classe di licenza. Le fonti soggette ad accordo sono utilizzate solo alle relative condizioni e mai ripubblicate.

FonteCosa fornisceClasse di licenza
ILOSTATEmployment, unemployment, underutilisation and wagesAperto, CC BY 4.0
OECD Employment Outlook and labour statisticsLabour market trends and policy analysisPublic, OECD terms
Eurostat labour force surveyEmployment by sector, occupation and contract typeOpen, Eurostat reuse policy
National labour force surveysEmployment structureLicence per statistics office
Online job posting data summariesDemand by occupation and skillCommercial; public summaries (to check)
07Decisioni

Chi decide, e a cosa servono le evidenze.

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Chi decideLa domandaEvidenze fornite da questa pagina
Labour ministriesWhich sectors and groups need transition supportChange profiles; scenarios
Employers’ organisations and unionsWhat to negotiate on contracts and transitionsJob quality evidence
Public employment servicesWhere to focus job matching and trainingVacancy and underutilisation evidence

Output prodotti da questo argomento

  • Labour market change profiles by sector and region
  • Contract and job quality analyses
  • Transition scenarios for climate-affected sectors
  • Evidence notes for employment strategies
08Questioni centrali

What labour economists ask.

  • Which sectors and occupations are growing or shrinking, where and for whom?
  • Is change driven by technology, trade, demand, demography or policy?
  • Are displaced workers finding comparable work, and how long does it take?
  • Are labour markets becoming more polarised between high- and low-paid work?
09Meccanismi

Drivers of structural change.

Technology changes the relative productivity of tasks, shifting demand towards skills that complement it. Trade and global value chains move production between countries. Demographic ageing shrinks labour supply in some economies and increases demand for care work. Consumer demand shifts as incomes rise. Public policy, from minimum wages to industrial strategy, shapes all of these.

Change is uneven. Earlier computerisation reduced demand for routine middle-skill jobs in many economies, a pattern called job polarisation. Workers displaced from declining industries often face lasting earnings losses, especially older workers and those in places with few alternatives.

10Metodi e dati

Measuring change and its limits.

  1. 01

    Labour force surveys and administrative data

    Employment, hours and earnings by sector and occupation. Informal work is poorly captured in many countries.

  2. 02

    Occupational risk indicators

    Measures of exposure to automation, trade or climate built from task data, using economia ed economia dello sviluppo. Exposure is not the same as job loss.

  3. 03

    Displacement studies

    Following workers after job loss with linked data and econometria. Such data exist in relatively few countries.

  4. 04

    Vacancy and online job data

    Near-real-time signals of skill demand. Online postings over-represent some occupations and regions.

11Metodi

Come viene studiato, e cosa i metodi non possono dire.

  1. Economia ed economia dello sviluppoAnalisi della tecnologia basata sulle mansioni · Istituzioni del mercato del lavoro · Economia della transizione giustaApplicato qui
  2. EconometriaEffetti di spiazzamento con dati collegati · Valutazione dei programmi di formazione · Proiezioni della forza lavoroApplicato qui
  3. Scienze sociali e comportamentaliIndagini sulla qualità del lavoro · Studi sul dialogo sociale · Ricerca sull'esperienza dei discentiApplicato qui
12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Gli organismi e i documenti alla luce dei quali si legge questa pagina. Stato ed edizioni cambiano; ogni link porta all'organismo emittente.

13Domande

Domande e risposte.

What is labour underutilisation?
A broad measure combining unemployment, time-related underemployment and the potential labour force, showing unmet need for work beyond the unemployment rate.
What is ISCO?
The International Standard Classification of Occupations, maintained by the ILO, used to classify jobs consistently across countries.
How does climate change affect jobs?
Through heat and extreme weather that reduce working hours and productivity, and through policies that shrink some industries and grow others.
What is job polarisation?
Growth in high-paid and low-paid jobs alongside a decline in middle-paid routine jobs, associated with earlier waves of computerisation in many economies.
Why do displaced workers lose earnings for years?
Their skills may be specific to a declining firm or industry, local alternatives may pay less, and long spells out of work can reduce future prospects.
Does the platform publish occupational risk rankings?
It publishes exposure indicators with their methods and uncertainty, not rankings of jobs that will disappear.
Can online job data replace surveys?
No. They are timely but unrepresentative. They complement surveys and administrative data rather than replacing them.
RapportiContribuisci

Contribuisci con evidenze da questa pagina.

Rapporti is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIFuturo del lavoro e competenzeProspettive ForesightNota sulle evidenze
Futuro del lavoro e competenze

Porta un metodo, un set di dati o una domanda.

Informazioni e richieste sono aperte oggi. Una richiesta riceve un riferimento e indica il passo successivo; candidature, pagamenti, assegnazioni di calcolo e registrazioni si aprono solo quando esistono il team, le condizioni e la capacità di revisione.