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GCRI · Avenir du travail et des compétences

Évolution du marché du travail

Labour markets change continuously as sectors grow and shrink, technology shifts tasks, populations age and climate policy reshapes industries. The effects show up in which jobs exist, where, on what contracts and at what pay. This page sets out how labour market change happens, how it is measured with standard classifications, and what evidence serves the labour ministries, employers and unions who respond to it.

01Registre

Labour market change on the record.

02La question

Labour market change: how the risk develops.

Sector employment and occupational risk. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mécanisme

Sectoral shifts move workers

Employment moves from agriculture and manufacturing toward services as economies develop, and from declining to growing industries during transitions.

Mécanisme

Contracts are changing

Temporary, part-time, on-call and platform work have grown in many countries, changing security, benefits and bargaining power.

Mécanisme

Demography reshapes supply

Ageing reduces the working-age population in some countries, while young populations in others need many new jobs each year.

Mécanisme

Climate change and policy reallocate jobs

Heat, extreme weather and decarbonisation affect jobs in agriculture, construction, energy and transport, creating and ending work in different places.

03Méthodes et preuves

How labour market change is modelled, measured and tested.

Le modèle, ses hypothèses, ses données et son incertitude, sous la forme qu'un scientifique ou un ingénieur vérifierait. Les structures suivent des méthodes publiées. Les valeurs représentées sont illustratives, ce ne sont pas des résultats.

Modèle de système

The couplings between the systems in labour market change: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++TravailSociétéIntelligence artificielleCommunautésÉconomieR renforçanteB équilibrage
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principes directeurs FAIR · GO FAIR et FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientations sur le traitement cohérent des incertitudes · GIECCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sur les satellites d'observation de la Terre
04À travers les domaines

Labour markets change with shocks in every domain.

05Indicateurs

Ce qui est mesuré, et avec quelle qualité.

Chaque indicateur porte son unité, sa périodicité, le type de source qui le sous-tend et l'étiquette de preuve que porterait une valeur. Aucune valeur n'est affichée : un programme les fournit sous sa propre autorité.

IndicateurUnitéFréquenceType de sourceÉtiquette
Employment-to-population ratiopercenttrimestrielLabour force surveysStatistiques publiées
Employment by sector and occupationpercent of employmentannuelLabour force surveys using ISCOStatistiques publiées
Temporary employmentpercent of employeesannuelLabour force surveysStatistiques publiées
Labour underutilisationpercent of extended labour forcetrimestrielLabour force surveysStatistiques publiées
Job vacancy ratepercent of posts vacanttrimestrielVacancy surveysStatistiques publiées
Real median wagecurrency units in constant pricesannuelWage statisticsStatistiques publiées
06Sources

D'où proviennent les données probantes.

Jeux de données publics et registres institutionnels nommés, chacun avec sa catégorie de licence. Les sources fournies dans le cadre d'accords ne sont utilisées que selon leurs conditions et ne sont jamais republiées.

SourcesCe qu'elle apporteCatégorie de licence
ILOSTATEmployment, unemployment, underutilisation and wagesOuvert, CC BY 4.0
OECD Employment Outlook and labour statisticsLabour market trends and policy analysisPublic, OECD terms
Eurostat labour force surveyEmployment by sector, occupation and contract typeOpen, Eurostat reuse policy
National labour force surveysEmployment structureLicence per statistics office
Online job posting data summariesDemand by occupation and skillCommercial; public summaries (to check)
07Décisions

Qui décide, et à quoi servent les données probantes.

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Qui décideLa questionDonnées probantes servies par cette page
Labour ministriesWhich sectors and groups need transition supportChange profiles; scenarios
Employers’ organisations and unionsWhat to negotiate on contracts and transitionsJob quality evidence
Public employment servicesWhere to focus job matching and trainingVacancy and underutilisation evidence

Résultats que produit ce thème

  • Labour market change profiles by sector and region
  • Contract and job quality analyses
  • Transition scenarios for climate-affected sectors
  • Evidence notes for employment strategies
08Questions essentielles

What labour economists ask.

  • Which sectors and occupations are growing or shrinking, where and for whom?
  • Is change driven by technology, trade, demand, demography or policy?
  • Are displaced workers finding comparable work, and how long does it take?
  • Are labour markets becoming more polarised between high- and low-paid work?
09Mécanismes

Drivers of structural change.

Technology changes the relative productivity of tasks, shifting demand towards skills that complement it. Trade and global value chains move production between countries. Demographic ageing shrinks labour supply in some economies and increases demand for care work. Consumer demand shifts as incomes rise. Public policy, from minimum wages to industrial strategy, shapes all of these.

Change is uneven. Earlier computerisation reduced demand for routine middle-skill jobs in many economies, a pattern called job polarisation. Workers displaced from declining industries often face lasting earnings losses, especially older workers and those in places with few alternatives.

10Méthodes et données

Measuring change and its limits.

  1. 01

    Labour force surveys and administrative data

    Employment, hours and earnings by sector and occupation. Informal work is poorly captured in many countries.

  2. 02

    Occupational risk indicators

    Measures of exposure to automation, trade or climate built from task data, using l'économie et l'économie du développement. Exposure is not the same as job loss.

  3. 03

    Displacement studies

    Following workers after job loss with linked data and économétrie. Such data exist in relatively few countries.

  4. 04

    Vacancy and online job data

    Near-real-time signals of skill demand. Online postings over-represent some occupations and regions.

11Méthodes

Comment c'est étudié, et ce que les méthodes ne peuvent pas dire.

  1. Économie et économie du développementAnalyse de la technologie fondée sur les tâches · Institutions du marché du travail · Économie de la transition justeAppliqué ici
  2. ÉconométrieEffets de déplacement de l'emploi à partir de données appariées · Évaluation des programmes de formation · Projections des effectifsAppliqué ici
  3. Sciences sociales et comportementalesEnquêtes sur la qualité de l'emploi · Études sur le dialogue social · Recherche sur l'expérience des apprenantsAppliqué ici
12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Les organismes et documents à l'aune desquels cette page se lit. Les statuts et éditions changent ; chaque lien mène à l'organisme émetteur.

13Questions

Questions et réponses.

What is labour underutilisation?
A broad measure combining unemployment, time-related underemployment and the potential labour force, showing unmet need for work beyond the unemployment rate.
What is ISCO?
The International Standard Classification of Occupations, maintained by the ILO, used to classify jobs consistently across countries.
How does climate change affect jobs?
Through heat and extreme weather that reduce working hours and productivity, and through policies that shrink some industries and grow others.
What is job polarisation?
Growth in high-paid and low-paid jobs alongside a decline in middle-paid routine jobs, associated with earlier waves of computerisation in many economies.
Why do displaced workers lose earnings for years?
Their skills may be specific to a declining firm or industry, local alternatives may pay less, and long spells out of work can reduce future prospects.
Does the platform publish occupational risk rankings?
It publishes exposure indicators with their methods and uncertainty, not rankings of jobs that will disappear.
Can online job data replace surveys?
No. They are timely but unrepresentative. They complement surveys and administrative data rather than replacing them.
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