Sample size and power planning
The smallest effect worth detecting is set from prior evidence or practical relevance, and the sample is sized to detect it with stated power, or to estimate it with stated precision, before recruitment begins.
GCRI · Labs
Probability and statistics decide what a study can conclude: how large a sample must be, where signal ends and noise begins, how big and how precise an effect is. They are also a common source of failure, through underpowered designs, misread significance tests and analytic flexibility, which is why this lab treats statistical planning as part of the protocol.
Probability and statistics provide the mathematical framework for describing uncertainty and learning from data. They underpin estimation, testing and prediction in every risk discipline. In research and evidence, methods and modelling and innovation, statistical methods quantify the likelihood and uncertainty of losses across interconnected システム. They make the evidence behind risk decisions explicit and reproducible. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.
The smallest effect worth detecting is set from prior evidence or practical relevance, and the sample is sized to detect it with stated power, or to estimate it with stated precision, before recruitment begins.
Effects from many studies are pooled with random-effects models, heterogeneity is examined, and funnel plots and selection models test whether small-study effects or publication bias distort the pooled estimate.
Every defensible combination of exclusions, covariates and outcome definitions is run and reported together, so readers see how far a conclusion depends on analytic choices.
モデル、その仮定、データ、不確実性を、科学者やエンジニアが確認する形で示します。構造は公表された手法に従っています。描かれた値は例示であり、知見ではありません。
The model structure used for statistics for research design, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.
Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)ハザード、エクスポージャー、脆弱性、対処能力EAL = ∑k pk · Lk年間確率 pkxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error| 仮定 | 作られる理由 | 検証の方法 |
|---|---|---|
| 一つの事象の中では、ハザードとエクスポージャーは独立している | 損失の積分を扱いやすく保つ | 同時記録に当てはめたコピュラと比較 |
| 結合は動作点の近くで線形である | ショックを A を通じて伝播させる | 線形範囲を超えて摂動を与えて比較する |
| 脆弱性曲線は場所を越えて適用できる | 地域固有の曲線はめったに得られない | 観測された損失がある場合はそれに照らして検証 |
Datasets and records used by probability and statistics on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in 出典の登録簿.
| データ | 役割 | ラベル |
|---|---|---|
| Registered analysis plans | Fixing hypotheses and tests in advance | 申告済み |
| Raw experiment and trial data | Re-analysis and diagnostic checks | 観測 |
| Published effect sizes | Meta-analytic pooling | 報告値 |
| Simulation studies | Power and error-rate planning | モデル化 |
Process explorer · Process
10 steps·5 段階
プロセス
カタストロフィ・モデルは通常、ハザード、脆弱性、エクスポージャー、財務の各モジュールを持ち、損失表、 年間平均損失、超過曲線、PML、TVaR を生成します。
外部の標準または手法の概要を、その公開情報源に基づいて示したものです。フレームワークが述べていることを説明するものであり、いかなる実施の記録でもありません。Nexus やいずれかのパートナーがあるステップを実施、認証、承認していることを示すものではありません。ゲートは手法のステップであり、Nexus による承認ではありません。
Results are checked through diagnostics, cross-validation and sensitivity to assumptions. Independent replication confirms findings.
| 確認 | 実施方法 |
|---|---|
| Planned versus reported tests | Every reported test is matched to the plan; unplanned tests are labelled exploratory |
| Assumption diagnostics | Residuals, independence and distributional assumptions are checked and reported |
| Multiplicity control | Corrections or hierarchical testing are applied where many outcomes or subgroups are tested |
| Independent re-analysis | A second analyst reproduces key estimates from the raw data |
Inference depends on assumptions about independence, distribution and sampling that may not hold. Small or biased samples limit reliability.
システム科学とモデリング stewards probability and statistics for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
報告書 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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