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GCRI · Tecnologías cuánticas

Fuerza laboral cuántica

Quantum technology needs people who combine physics with engineering, software, cryogenics, photonics and business skills. Demand is growing faster than training programmes, and talent concentrates in a few countries and firms. This page sets out how the quantum workforce is formed, where gaps lie, how skills are measured, and what evidence serves universities, employers and governments building it.

01Registro

Quantum workforce on the record.

02La pregunta

Quantum workforce: how the risk develops.

Research capacity and scarce skills. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Training is concentrated

Most quantum specialists train in a few research universities. Countries without such programmes rely on recruiting from abroad.

Mecanismo

Roles go beyond physics

Building quantum sistemas needs engineers, technicians, software developers and product staff, not only physicists, and these roles are often overlooked.

Mecanismo

Talent is mobile and contested

Researchers move between countries and between academia and industry, and immigration and security rules affect where they can work.

Mecanismo

Diversity is limited

The field draws from disciplines with low representation of women and some groups, which narrows the talent pool.

03Seguimiento

Seguimiento de la migración poscuántica.

La pantalla que utilizaría un equipo para seguir esta materia: sus mediciones, estados y decisiones. Los nombres son ejemplos y los valores son ilustrativos.

Seguimiento de la migración poscuántica

Quantum workforce · Crypto inventory · Wave 2

Datos de larga vida en riesgoGCRI · Tecnologías cuánticas

Migración

  1. Inventariotoda la criptografía
  2. Priorizarvida útil de los datos
  3. Seleccionaralgoritmos estándar
  4. Despliegue híbridoclásica y PQC
  5. Probarinteroperabilidad
  6. Puesta en producciónretirar

Sistemas por prioridad

Firma de archivosRSA-204829ML-DSA híbridoPiloto
Pasarela VPNECDH8ML-KEM híbridoPrevisto
HSM de pagosRSA-30727Hoja de ruta del proveedorBloqueado
TLS webECDHE3Intercambio de claves híbridoHecho

Progreso

Inventariados, %92 of 100 requiredHíbrido implantado, %14 of 50 requiredRetirados, %10 of 25 required
Post-quantum migration tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantum workforce.Nombres de ejemplo y valores ilustrativos; un diseño, no un registro ni un sistema en vivo.
04En todos los dominios

Quantum skills are scarce and unevenly spread.

05Métodos y evidencia

How quantum workforce is modelled, measured and tested.

El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.

Modelo de sistema

The couplings between the systems in quantum workforce: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+CuánticaCiberComunidadesEconomíaR de refuerzoB equilibrio
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principios rectores FAIR · GO FAIR y FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientación para un tratamiento coherente de las incertidumbres · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sobre Satélites de Observación de la Tierra
06Indicadores

Qué se mide y con qué calidad.

Cada indicador lleva su unidad, su periodicidad, el tipo de fuente que lo respalda y la etiqueta de evidencia que llevaría un valor. No se muestran valores: un programa los aporta bajo su propia autoridad.

IndicadorUnidadCadenciaTipo de fuenteEtiqueta
Quantum-related degree programmesrecuentoanualUniversity programme surveysNOTIFICADO
Quantum job postingscount by role typetrimestralJob posting dataOBSERVADO
Graduates in quantum-relevant fieldsrecuentoanualEducación statisticsEstadísticas publicadas
Women in quantum researchpercent of researchersper surveyWorkforce surveysNOTIFICADO
Vacancies reported hard to fillpercent of vacanciesper surveyEmployer surveysNOTIFICADO
Short courses and reskilling placesrecuentoanualTraining provider recordsNOTIFICADO
07Fuentes

De dónde procede la evidencia.

Conjuntos de datos públicos y registros institucionales identificados, cada uno con su tipo de licencia. Las fuentes obtenidas por acuerdo solo se utilizan conforme a sus condiciones y nunca se republican.

FuenteLo que aportaTipo de licencia
QED-C and industry workforce surveysEmployer needs and hiring difficultiesPublic reports, terms to check
European Quantum Flagship education and training workCompetence framework and training programmesPublic, EU terms
UNESCO Institute for Statistics and national education statisticsGraduates in science and engineeringOpen, terms per source
Job posting data summariesDemand for quantum skillsCommercial; public summaries (to check)
OECD science and innovation indicatorsResearch personnel and mobilityPublic, OECD terms
08Decisiones

Quién decide y a qué sirve la evidencia.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quién decideLa preguntaEvidencia a la que sirve esta página
UniversidadesWhich programmes and courses to createCompetence maps; demand analyses
EmployersHow to train and recruit for quantum rolesHiring difficulty evidence
GobiernosHow to fund training and manage talent mobilitySupply, demand and mobility evidence

Productos que genera este tema

  • Competence maps of roles beyond physics
  • Workforce supply and demand analyses
  • Training programme reviews
  • Evidence notes on mobility and diversity
09Cuestiones centrales

Lo que se preguntan los expertos.

Workforce questions ask who can build, test and govern the technology.

  • Which skills are scarcest: quantum physics, hardware engineering, control electronics, software, cryptography or policy?
  • Where is research capacity concentrated, and who lacks access?
  • How do education pathways, including vocational and technician routes, feed the field?
  • How do mobility, visas and research security rules shape the talent pool?
  • Is there enough cryptographic expertise to carry out the post-quantum migration across all sectors?
10Mecanismos

Mecanismos y factores impulsores.

Quantum technology requires depth in several disciplines at once, and its growth has outpaced the rate at which universities produce specialists. Demand comes from academia, industry and government simultaneously, so salaries and opportunities concentrate talent in a few places. The field also depends on technicians and engineers whose skills, such as vacuum, laser and cryogenic work, are often overlooked.

The post-quantum migration creates a separate and broader skills need: many organisations need people who understand where cryptography sits in their sistemas and how to change it, without needing to understand quantum physics.

11Métodos y datos

Cómo se estudia y dónde terminan los métodos.

Método o datosLo que muestraLímites
Labour market and job posting analysisDemand by skill and locationPostings are an imperfect proxy for need
Educación and graduate dataSupply of trained peopleProgramme labels vary and miss interdisciplinary routes
Bibliometrics and patent analysisWhere research capacity sitsMeasure outputs, not capacity or quality directly
Surveys of employers and researchersPerceived gaps and barriersResponse bias and small samples
13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Los organismos y documentos con los que se lee esta página. El estado y las ediciones cambian; cada enlace lleva al organismo emisor.

14Preguntas

Preguntas y respuestas.

What skills does quantum technology need?
Physics and quantum information science, but also electronics, cryogenics, photonics, software engineering, manufacturing and business skills.
Is there a quantum skills shortage?
Employer surveys report difficulty filling roles, especially for experienced engineers and scientists, but the size of the gap is hard to measure.
What is a competence framework?
A structured description of the knowledge and skills needed for roles in a field, used to design training and recruitment, such as the European Competence Framework for Quantum Technologies.
Do you need a physics doctorate to work in quantum technology?
No. The field also needs engineers, technicians, software developers, cryptographers, project managers and policy specialists.
Why does the cryptographic migration need its own workforce?
Because almost every organisation must inventory and replace vulnerable cryptography, which requires security and systems expertise rather than quantum physics.
Does the platform offer training or credentials?
Not at this service level. Learning resources appear on the learning page as they are published. GCRI does not certify individuals.
serie ReportsContribuir

Aporte evidencia desde esta página.

serie Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRITecnologías cuánticasTecnología exponencialPerspectiva prospectiva
Tecnologías cuánticas

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