GCRI · فناوری‌های کوانتومی
نیروی کار کوانتومی
Quantum technology needs people who combine physics with engineering, software, cryogenics, photonics and business skills. Demand is growing faster than training programmes, and talent concentrates in a few countries and firms. This page sets out how the quantum workforce is formed, where gaps lie, how skills are measured, and what evidence serves universities, employers and governments building it.
Quantum workforce on the record.
Quantum workforce: how the risk develops.
Research capacity and scarce skills. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Training is concentrated
Most quantum specialists train in a few research universities. Countries without such programmes rely on recruiting from abroad.
Roles go beyond physics
Building quantum سامانه‌ها needs engineers, technicians, software developers and product staff, not only physicists, and these roles are often overlooked.
Talent is mobile and contested
Researchers move between countries and between academia and industry, and immigration and security rules affect where they can work.
Diversity is limited
The field draws from disciplines with low representation of women and some groups, which narrows the talent pool.
ردیاب مهاجرت پساکوانتومی.
The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.
ردیاب مهاجرت پساکوانتومی
Quantum workforce · Crypto inventory · Wave 2
مهاجرت
- سیاهههمهٔ رمزنگاری
- اولویت‌بندیعمر داده
- انتخابالگوریتم‌های استاندارد
- استقرار ترکیبیکلاسیک و PQC
- آزمونهم‌کنشی
- گذار نهاییبازنشسته‌سازی
سامانه‌ها بر پایهٔ اولویت
| امضای بایگانی | RSA-2048 | 29 | ML-DSA ترکیبی | آزمایشی |
| دروازهٔ VPN | ECDH | 8 | ML-KEM ترکیبی | برنامه‌ریزی‌شده |
| HSM پرداخت‌ها | RSA-3072 | 7 | نقشهٔ راه فروشنده | مسدود |
| TLS وب | ECDHE | 3 | مبادلهٔ کلید ترکیبی | انجام‌شده |
پیشرفت
Quantum skills are scarce and unevenly spread.
- انرژیپیوستگیEnergy and materials research compete for the same specialists.What to watchGraduate pipelines
- سلامتپیوستگیMedical physics shares skills with quantum sensing.What to watchCross-training routes
- آبپیوستگیSecurity teams in utilities need cryptography skills for migration.What to watchMigration skills in operators
Workforce studies are designed for the مجموعهٔ Exponential Technology. The International Year of Quantum (2025) raised attention to education; programmes are listed with their sources.
- Curricula and training evaluations.
- Labour market data for quantum roles.
How quantum workforce is modelled, measured and tested.
مدل، مفروضات، داده‌ها و عدم قطعیت آن، به شکلی که دانشمند یا مهندس بررسی می‌کند. ساختارها از روش‌های منتشرشده پیروی می‌کنند. مقادیر ترسیم‌شده تبیینی‌اند، نه یافته.
مدل سامانه
The couplings between the systems in quantum workforce: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
What is measured, and how well.
Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.
| Indicator | Unit | دورهٔ تکرار | Source type | برچسب |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quantum-related degree programmes | count | annual | University programme surveys | گزارش‌شده |
| Quantum job postings | count by role type | quarterly | Job posting data | مشاهده‌شده |
| Graduates in quantum-relevant fields | count | annual | آموزش statistics | آمارهای منتشرشده |
| Women in quantum research | percent of researchers | per survey | Workforce surveys | گزارش‌شده |
| Vacancies reported hard to fill | percent of vacancies | per survey | Employer surveys | گزارش‌شده |
| Short courses and reskilling places | count | annual | Training provider records | گزارش‌شده |
Where the evidence comes from.
Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.
| منبع | What it gives | Licence class |
|---|---|---|
| QED-C and industry workforce surveys | Employer needs and hiring difficulties | Public reports, terms to check |
| European Quantum Flagship education and training work | Competence framework and training programmes | Public, EU terms |
| UNESCO Institute for Statistics and national education statistics | Graduates in science and engineering | Open, terms per source |
| Job posting data summaries | Demand for quantum skills | Commercial; public summaries (to check) |
| OECD science and innovation indicators | Research personnel and mobility | Public, OECD terms |
Who decides, and what the evidence serves.
Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| چه کسی تصمیم می‌گیرد | The question | Evidence this page serves |
|---|---|---|
| دانشگاه‌ها | Which programmes and courses to create | Competence maps; demand analyses |
| Employers | How to train and recruit for quantum roles | Hiring difficulty evidence |
| دولت‌ها | How to fund training and manage talent mobility | Supply, demand and mobility evidence |
Outputs this topic produces
- Competence maps of roles beyond physics
- Workforce supply and demand analyses
- Training programme reviews
- Evidence notes on mobility and diversity
What experts ask.
Workforce questions ask who can build, test and govern the technology.
- Which skills are scarcest: quantum physics, hardware engineering, control electronics, software, cryptography or policy?
- Where is research capacity concentrated, and who lacks access?
- How do education pathways, including vocational and technician routes, feed the field?
- How do mobility, visas and research security rules shape the talent pool?
- Is there enough cryptographic expertise to carry out the post-quantum migration across all sectors?
Mechanisms and drivers.
Quantum technology requires depth in several disciplines at once, and its growth has outpaced the rate at which universities produce specialists. Demand comes from academia, industry and government simultaneously, so salaries and opportunities concentrate talent in a few places. The field also depends on technicians and engineers whose skills, such as vacuum, laser and cryogenic work, are often overlooked.
The post-quantum migration creates a separate and broader skills need: many organisations need people who understand where cryptography sits in their سامانه‌ها and how to change it, without needing to understand quantum physics.
How it is studied, and where the methods stop.
| Method or data | What it shows | محدودیت‌ها |
|---|---|---|
| Labour market and job posting analysis | Demand by skill and location | Postings are an imperfect proxy for need |
| آموزش and graduate data | Supply of trained people | Programme labels vary and miss interdisciplinary routes |
| Bibliometrics and patent analysis | Where research capacity sits | Measure outputs, not capacity or quality directly |
| Surveys of employers and researchers | Perceived gaps and barriers | Response bias and small samples |
How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.
- 01احتمال و آمارFidelity estimation · Testing advantage claims · Analysing patent and investment dataApplied here
- 02فیزیک و علم کوانتومCharacterising qubit noise · Metrology of quantum clocks · Verifying quantum effectsApplied here
- 03محاسبات، سنجش و ارتباطات کوانتومیComparable benchmarking · Technology readiness assessment · Security implications trackingApplied here
Where this page’s references lead.
نهادها و اسنادی که این صفحه بر پایهٔ آن‌ها خوانده می‌شود. وضعیت و ویراست‌ها تغییر می‌کنند؛ هر پیوند به نهاد صادرکننده می‌رود.
پرسش و پاسخ.
What skills does quantum technology need?
Is there a quantum skills shortage?
What is a competence framework?
Do you need a physics doctorate to work in quantum technology?
Why does the cryptographic migration need its own workforce?
Does the platform offer training or credentials?
شواهد را از همین صفحه ارسال کنید.
گزارش‌ها is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- ایمیلدرگاه GW-GCRIاز همین صفحه ارسال کنیدشواهد، یک اصلاحیه، یک مورد، یک روش، یک داوری، یک ترجمه یا ورودی نمایه. با برچسب این صفحه میرسد تا ویراستار مسئول آن را دریافت کند.
- Zenodoسپردهٔ بازآن را واگذار کنید و به جامعه ارائه دهیدسابقهٔ خود را با شناسهٔ ORCID خود در Zenodo منتشر کنید و سپس آن را در همانجا به جامعهٔ Reports ارسال کنید. گزینشگران آن را داوری می‌کنند؛ DOI از آنِ شما میماند.
- گزارش‌هاGCRIهمهٔ راههای مشارکت را ببینیدانواع مشارکت، نحوهٔ بررسی هر یک، اعتباری که دریافت میکنید، مجوز و آنچه هرگز پذیرفته نمیشود.
هرگز داده شخصی، جزئیات حساس زیرساخت یا چیزی را که حق اشتراکش را ندارید نفرستید. هر مشارکت پیش از استفاده داوری می‌شود؛ ارسال آن حق مؤلفی یا ویرایشی نمی‌دهد و حمایت مالی هرگز یافته‌ای را نمی‌خرد.
یک روش، یک مجموعه‌داده یا یک پرسش بیاورید.
اطلاعات و درخواست‌ها امروز باز است. هر درخواست یک شمارهٔ پیگیری می‌گیرد و گام بعدی را مشخص می‌کند؛ درخواست‌های عضویت، پرداخت‌ها، تخصیص رایانش و ثبت‌نام‌ها تنها زمانی باز می‌شوند که تیم، شرایط و ظرفیت داوری آن‌ها فراهم باشد.
اسناد حقوقی.
نقشه‌ها، داده‌ها و ارقام این سایت برای زمینه و اطلاعات عمومی نشان داده می‌شوند. توصیه، پیش‌بینی یا هشدار نیستند؛ حدود این اطلاعات در سلب مسئولیت‌ها و اعلامیه‌های داده بیان شده است.