GCRI · 量子技术
量子人才队伍
Quantum technology needs people who combine physics with engineering, software, cryogenics, photonics and business skills. Demand is growing faster than training programmes, and talent concentrates in a few countries and firms. This page sets out how the quantum workforce is formed, where gaps lie, how skills are measured, and what evidence serves universities, employers and governments building it.
Quantum workforce: how the risk develops.
Research capacity and scarce skills. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Training is concentrated
Most quantum specialists train in a few research universities. Countries without such programmes rely on recruiting from abroad.
Roles go beyond physics
Building quantum 系统 needs engineers, technicians, software developers and product staff, not only physicists, and these roles are often overlooked.
Talent is mobile and contested
Researchers move between countries and between academia and industry, and immigration and security rules affect where they can work.
Diversity is limited
The field draws from disciplines with low representation of women and some groups, which narrows the talent pool.
后量子迁移追踪器。
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
后量子迁移跟踪器
Quantum workforce · Crypto inventory · Wave 2
移民
- 清单所有加密算法
- 确定优先次序数据寿命
- 选择标准算法
- 混合部署经典算法与后量子密码
- 检验互操作性
- 切换退役
按优先级排列的系统
| 存档签名 | RSA-2048 | 29 | ML-DSA 混合 | 试点 |
| VPN 网关 | ECDH | 8 | ML-KEM 混合方案 | 已计划 |
| 支付 HSM | RSA-3072 | 7 | 供应商路线图 | 已阻止 |
| Web TLS | ECDHE | 3 | 混合密钥交换 | 已完成 |
进度
Quantum skills are scarce and unevenly spread.
Workforce studies are designed for the 指数级技术系列. The International Year of Quantum (2025) raised attention to education; programmes are listed with their sources.
- Curricula and training evaluations.
- Labour market data for quantum roles.
How quantum workforce is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in quantum workforce: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quantum-related degree programmes | 计数 | 年度 | University programme surveys | 已报告 |
| Quantum job postings | count by role type | 每季度 | Job posting data | 观测 |
| Graduates in quantum-relevant fields | 计数 | 年度 | 教育 statistics | 已发布统计 |
| Women in quantum research | percent of researchers | per survey | Workforce surveys | 已报告 |
| Vacancies reported hard to fill | percent of vacancies | per survey | Employer surveys | 已报告 |
| Short courses and reskilling places | 计数 | 年度 | Training provider records | 已报告 |
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| QED-C and industry workforce surveys | Employer needs and hiring difficulties | Public reports, terms to check |
| European Quantum Flagship education and training work | Competence framework and training programmes | Public, EU terms |
| UNESCO Institute for Statistics and national education statistics | Graduates in science and engineering | Open, terms per source |
| Job posting data summaries | Demand for quantum skills | Commercial; public summaries (to check) |
| OECD science and innovation indicators | Research personnel and mobility | Public, OECD terms |
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| 大学 | Which programmes and courses to create | Competence maps; demand analyses |
| Employers | How to train and recruit for quantum roles | Hiring difficulty evidence |
| 政府 | How to fund training and manage talent mobility | Supply, demand and mobility evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Competence maps of roles beyond physics
- Workforce supply and demand analyses
- Training programme reviews
- Evidence notes on mobility and diversity
专家提出的问题。
Workforce questions ask who can build, test and govern the technology.
- Which skills are scarcest: quantum physics, hardware engineering, control electronics, software, cryptography or policy?
- Where is research capacity concentrated, and who lacks access?
- How do education pathways, including vocational and technician routes, feed the field?
- How do mobility, visas and research security rules shape the talent pool?
- Is there enough cryptographic expertise to carry out the post-quantum migration across all sectors?
机制与驱动因素。
Quantum technology requires depth in several disciplines at once, and its growth has outpaced the rate at which universities produce specialists. Demand comes from academia, industry and government simultaneously, so salaries and opportunities concentrate talent in a few places. The field also depends on technicians and engineers whose skills, such as vacuum, laser and cryogenic work, are often overlooked.
The post-quantum migration creates a separate and broader skills need: many organisations need people who understand where cryptography sits in their 系统 and how to change it, without needing to understand quantum physics.
如何研究，以及方法止于何处。
| 方法或数据 | 显示内容 | 局限 |
|---|---|---|
| Labour market and job posting analysis | Demand by skill and location | Postings are an imperfect proxy for need |
| 教育 and graduate data | Supply of trained people | Programme labels vary and miss interdisciplinary routes |
| Bibliometrics and patent analysis | Where research capacity sits | Measure outputs, not capacity or quality directly |
| Surveys of employers and researchers | Perceived gaps and barriers | Response bias and small samples |
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What skills does quantum technology need?
Is there a quantum skills shortage?
What is a competence framework?
Do you need a physics doctorate to work in quantum technology?
Why does the cryptographic migration need its own workforce?
Does the platform offer training or credentials?
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报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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