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GCRI · Technologies quantiques

Main-d'œuvre quantique

Quantum technology needs people who combine physics with engineering, software, cryogenics, photonics and business skills. Demand is growing faster than training programmes, and talent concentrates in a few countries and firms. This page sets out how the quantum workforce is formed, where gaps lie, how skills are measured, and what evidence serves universities, employers and governments building it.

02La question

Quantum workforce: how the risk develops.

Research capacity and scarce skills. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mécanisme

Training is concentrated

Most quantum specialists train in a few research universities. Countries without such programmes rely on recruiting from abroad.

Mécanisme

Roles go beyond physics

Building quantum systèmes needs engineers, technicians, software developers and product staff, not only physicists, and these roles are often overlooked.

Mécanisme

Talent is mobile and contested

Researchers move between countries and between academia and industry, and immigration and security rules affect where they can work.

Mécanisme

Diversity is limited

The field draws from disciplines with low representation of women and some groups, which narrows the talent pool.

03Suivi

Suivi de la migration post-quantique.

L'écran qu'une équipe utiliserait pour suivre ce sujet : ses mesures, ses états et ses décisions. Les noms sont des exemples et les valeurs sont illustratives.

Suivi de la migration post-quantique

Quantum workforce · Crypto inventory · Wave 2

Données à longue durée de vie menacéesGCRI · Technologies quantiques

Migration

  1. Inventairetoute la cryptographie
  2. Hiérarchiserdurée de vie des données
  3. Sélectionneralgorithmes standard
  4. Déploiement hybrideclassique et PQC
  5. Testerinteropérabilité
  6. Basculerretirer

Systèmes par priorité

Signature des archivesRSA-204829ML-DSA hybridePilotage
Passerelle VPNECDH8ML-KEM hybridePrévu
HSM de paiementRSA-30727Feuille de route du fournisseurBloqué
TLS webECDHE3Échange de clés hybrideTerminé

Progression

Inventoriés, %92 of 100 requiredHybride déployé, %14 of 50 requiredRetirés, %10 of 25 required
Post-quantum migration tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantum workforce.Noms donnés à titre d'exemple et valeurs illustratives ; une conception, non un enregistrement ni un système en service.
04À travers les domaines

Quantum skills are scarce and unevenly spread.

05Méthodes et preuves

How quantum workforce is modelled, measured and tested.

Le modèle, ses hypothèses, ses données et son incertitude, sous la forme qu'un scientifique ou un ingénieur vérifierait. Les structures suivent des méthodes publiées. Les valeurs représentées sont illustratives, ce ne sont pas des résultats.

Modèle de système

The couplings between the systems in quantum workforce: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+QuantiqueCyberCommunautésÉconomieR renforçanteB équilibrage
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principes directeurs FAIR · GO FAIR et FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientations sur le traitement cohérent des incertitudes · GIECCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sur les satellites d'observation de la Terre
06Indicateurs

Ce qui est mesuré, et avec quelle qualité.

Chaque indicateur porte son unité, sa périodicité, le type de source qui le sous-tend et l'étiquette de preuve que porterait une valeur. Aucune valeur n'est affichée : un programme les fournit sous sa propre autorité.

IndicateurUnitéFréquenceType de sourceÉtiquette
Quantum-related degree programmesnombreannuelUniversity programme surveysDÉCLARÉ
Quantum job postingscount by role typetrimestrielJob posting dataOBSERVÉ
Graduates in quantum-relevant fieldsnombreannuelÉducation statisticsStatistiques publiées
Women in quantum researchpercent of researchersper surveyWorkforce surveysDÉCLARÉ
Vacancies reported hard to fillpercent of vacanciesper surveyEmployer surveysDÉCLARÉ
Short courses and reskilling placesnombreannuelTraining provider recordsDÉCLARÉ
07Sources

D'où proviennent les données probantes.

Jeux de données publics et registres institutionnels nommés, chacun avec sa catégorie de licence. Les sources fournies dans le cadre d'accords ne sont utilisées que selon leurs conditions et ne sont jamais republiées.

SourcesCe qu'elle apporteCatégorie de licence
QED-C and industry workforce surveysEmployer needs and hiring difficultiesPublic reports, terms to check
European Quantum Flagship education and training workCompetence framework and training programmesPublic, EU terms
UNESCO Institute for Statistics and national education statisticsGraduates in science and engineeringOpen, terms per source
Job posting data summariesDemand for quantum skillsCommercial; public summaries (to check)
OECD science and innovation indicatorsResearch personnel and mobilityPublic, OECD terms
08Décisions

Qui décide, et à quoi servent les données probantes.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Qui décideLa questionDonnées probantes servies par cette page
UniversitésWhich programmes and courses to createCompetence maps; demand analyses
EmployersHow to train and recruit for quantum rolesHiring difficulty evidence
GouvernementsHow to fund training and manage talent mobilitySupply, demand and mobility evidence

Résultats que produit ce thème

  • Competence maps of roles beyond physics
  • Workforce supply and demand analyses
  • Training programme reviews
  • Evidence notes on mobility and diversity
09Questions essentielles

Ce que se demandent les experts.

Workforce questions ask who can build, test and govern the technology.

  • Which skills are scarcest: quantum physics, hardware engineering, control electronics, software, cryptography or policy?
  • Where is research capacity concentrated, and who lacks access?
  • How do education pathways, including vocational and technician routes, feed the field?
  • How do mobility, visas and research security rules shape the talent pool?
  • Is there enough cryptographic expertise to carry out the post-quantum migration across all sectors?
10Mécanismes

Mécanismes et facteurs.

Quantum technology requires depth in several disciplines at once, and its growth has outpaced the rate at which universities produce specialists. Demand comes from academia, industry and government simultaneously, so salaries and opportunities concentrate talent in a few places. The field also depends on technicians and engineers whose skills, such as vacuum, laser and cryogenic work, are often overlooked.

The post-quantum migration creates a separate and broader skills need: many organisations need people who understand where cryptography sits in their systèmes and how to change it, without needing to understand quantum physics.

11Méthodes et données

Comment c'est étudié, et où les méthodes s'arrêtent.

Méthode ou donnéesCe qu'il montreLimites
Labour market and job posting analysisDemand by skill and locationPostings are an imperfect proxy for need
Éducation and graduate dataSupply of trained peopleProgramme labels vary and miss interdisciplinary routes
Bibliometrics and patent analysisWhere research capacity sitsMeasure outputs, not capacity or quality directly
Surveys of employers and researchersPerceived gaps and barriersResponse bias and small samples
12Méthodes

Comment c'est étudié, et ce que les méthodes ne peuvent pas dire.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Les organismes et documents à l'aune desquels cette page se lit. Les statuts et éditions changent ; chaque lien mène à l'organisme émetteur.

14Questions

Questions et réponses.

What skills does quantum technology need?
Physics and quantum information science, but also electronics, cryogenics, photonics, software engineering, manufacturing and business skills.
Is there a quantum skills shortage?
Employer surveys report difficulty filling roles, especially for experienced engineers and scientists, but the size of the gap is hard to measure.
What is a competence framework?
A structured description of the knowledge and skills needed for roles in a field, used to design training and recruitment, such as the European Competence Framework for Quantum Technologies.
Do you need a physics doctorate to work in quantum technology?
No. The field also needs engineers, technicians, software developers, cryptographers, project managers and policy specialists.
Why does the cryptographic migration need its own workforce?
Because almost every organisation must inventory and replace vulnerable cryptography, which requires security and systems expertise rather than quantum physics.
Does the platform offer training or credentials?
Not at this service level. Learning resources appear on the learning page as they are published. GCRI does not certify individuals.
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Rapports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRITechnologies quantiquesTechnologies exponentiellesPerspectives prospectives
Technologies quantiques

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