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GCRI · Gestión del riesgo sistémico

Métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos

evaluación del riesgo uses numbers where data support them and structured judgement where they do not. Probabilistic models, loss distributions, Elicitación de expertos, bow-tie diagrams and risk matrices each answer different questions and fail in different ways. This page sets out how the main methods work, when each is fit for purpose, and how combining them keeps an assessment honest about what is known and what is assumed.

01Registro

Quantitative and qualitative methods on the record.

02La pregunta

Quantitative and qualitative methods: how the risk develops.

Probability, uncertainty and judgement. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Models need data that fit

Frequency and severity models work where events are numerous and recorded consistently. For rare, novel or changing risks the data are thin, and a precise-looking number can carry more assumption than evidence.

Mecanismo

Judgement carries biases

Experts anchor on recent events, overestimate their own precision and converge in groups. Structured elicitation reduces these effects by separating estimates, asking for ranges and scoring calibration.

Mecanismo

Matrices compress information

Likelihood and consequence matrices are quick to use, but they rank risks coarsely, can reverse orderings and hide correlated losses. They suit screening, and need other methods before a major decision.

Mecanismo

Methods combine through structure

Fault trees, event trees and bow-tie diagrams link causes, controls and consequences. They provide a frame into which quantitative estimates and expert judgement can be placed and checked.

03Seguimiento

Cascade and stress lab.

La pantalla que utilizaría un equipo para seguir esta materia: sus mediciones, estados y decisiones. Los nombres son ejemplos y los valores son ilustrativos.

Cascade and stress lab

Quantitative and qualitative methods · National system · Scenario SC-40

Cascade crosses three systemsGCRI · Gestión del riesgo sistémico

Interdependency graph

red: failed in scenario

Cascade sequence

  1. T+0HAZHeatwave and drought
  2. T+6hENGThermal plant derated, cooling water
  3. T+9hICTData centre on backup power
  4. T+14hWATPumping reduced, pressure loss
  5. T+20hHLTHospital water supply at risk

Service loss by system

Cascade and stress lab: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantitative and qualitative methods.Nombres de ejemplo y valores ilustrativos; un diseño, no un registro ni un sistema en vivo.
04En todos los dominios

Methods must be fit for risks that cross domains.

05Métodos y evidencia

How quantitative and qualitative methods is modelled, measured and tested.

El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.

Modelo, ecuaciones y supuestos

The model structure used for quantitative and qualitative methods, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

Riesgo del elemento iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)amenaza, exposición, vulnerabilidad y capacidad de afrontamiento
Pérdida anual esperadaEAL = ∑k pk · Lksobre los eventos k con probabilidad anual pk
Sistemas acopladosxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
SupuestoPor qué se haceCómo se prueba
La amenaza y la exposición son independientes dentro de un eventoMantiene manejable la integral de pérdidasComparar con un ajuste de cópula sobre registros conjuntos
Los acoplamientos son lineales cerca del punto de operaciónPermite que las perturbaciones se propaguen a través de APerturbar más allá del rango lineal y comparar
Las curvas de vulnerabilidad se transfieren entre lugaresLas curvas locales rara vez están disponiblesValidar frente a las pérdidas observadas cuando existan
Entradas
conjuntos de datos versionados con procedencia
Resultados
distribuciones, nunca cifras únicas
Código
publicado con la ficha de modelo y las pruebas
Reproducción
mismos datos, código, entorno y semilla
Formulaciones estándar de riesgo y de espacio de estados; los supuestos enumerados son los típicos del método, expuestos para su revisión, no resultados.
Principios rectores FAIR · GO FAIR y FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientación para un tratamiento coherente de las incertidumbres · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sobre Satélites de Observación de la Tierra
06Indicadores

Qué se mide y con qué calidad.

Cada indicador lleva su unidad, su periodicidad, el tipo de fuente que lo respalda y la etiqueta de evidencia que llevaría un valor. No se muestran valores: un programa los aporta bajo su propia autoridad.

IndicadorUnidadCadenciaTipo de fuenteEtiqueta
Risks assessed with quantitative estimatespercent of principal risksanualAssessment recordsNOTIFICADO
Calibration of expert estimatescalibration score on seed questionsper elicitationStructured expert judgement recordsOBSERVADO
Loss event recordscount of events with cause and amount recordedcontinuoInternal loss databasesOBSERVADO
Assessment uncertainty rangeratio of upper to lower boundpor evaluaciónAssessment outputsESTIMADO
Controls with tested effectivenesspercent of key controlsanualControl testing recordsNOTIFICADO
Method documentation completenesspercent of assessments with method, data and assumptions recordedanualAssessment filesNOTIFICADO
07Fuentes

De dónde procede la evidencia.

Conjuntos de datos públicos y registros institucionales identificados, cada uno con su tipo de licencia. Las fuentes obtenidas por acuerdo solo se utilizan conforme a sus condiciones y nunca se republican.

FuenteLo que aportaTipo de licencia
IEC 31010 Técnicas de evaluación del riesgo techniquesDescriptions, strengths and limits of more than forty techniquesLicensed standard, purchase required
Base de datos internacional de desastres EM-DAT (CRED, UCLouvain)Disaster events with human and economic impactsFree for non-commercial use with registration
Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres Monitor and national disaster loss databasesPublished reporting of disaster losses against Sendai targetsPúblico, condiciones de uso de las Naciones Unidas
TU Delft expert judgement databasePast structured expert judgement studies with calibration dataLicence to check
Published operational loss data consortia summariesAggregate operational loss patterns in financial servicesMembers only; public summaries (to check)
08Decisiones

Quién decide y a qué sirve la evidencia.

riesgo sistémico Management prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quién decideLa preguntaEvidencia a la que sirve esta página
Risk functions and analystsWhich method fits a given risk and decisionMethod selection guides; documentation standards
Boards and executivesHow much confidence to place in an assessment before acting on itUncertainty ranges; method documentation; calibration records
Regulators and supervisorsWhether an institution’s risk models are fit for the use made of themModel documentation; validation and back-testing evidence

Productos que genera este tema

  • Method selection guides keyed to the question and the evidence available
  • Structured Elicitación de expertos protocols with calibration
  • Bow-tie and fault-tree templates linked to registers
  • Assessment files that record data, assumptions and ranges
09Cuestiones centrales

What methods experts ask.

  • Is there enough relevant data to estimate probabilities, or would numbers convey a false sense of precision?
  • What kind of uncertainty dominates: randomness, lack of knowledge, or disagreement about how the system works?
  • How sensitive is the decision to the parts of the analysis that are least certain?
  • How can expert judgement be elicited so that it is transparent and less prone to bias?
10Mecanismos

Kinds of uncertainty.

Aleatory

Randomness

Natural variability that persists even with perfect knowledge, such as weather from year to year. Probability handles it well.

Epistemic

Lack of knowledge

Uncertainty that more data or research could reduce. It should be shown, not hidden in a single number.

Deep

Disputed structure

Where experts disagree on models, probabilities or values. Scenarios and robust decision methods suit it better.

11Métodos y límites

A toolkit, matched to the problem.

  1. 01

    Statistical and probabilistic models

    Frequency analysis, extreme value methods and Bayesian inference from probabilidad y estadística. Limits: rare events are poorly sampled, and past data may not reflect a changing system.

  2. 02

    Cuantificación de la incertidumbre

    Cuantificación de la incertidumbre y validación de modelos propagates input uncertainty through models and tests them against data. Limits: it cannot capture what the model leaves out.

  3. 03

    Juicio de expertos estructurado

    Formal elicitation protocols that calibrate and combine expert views. Limits: time-consuming, and experts share blind spots.

  4. 04

    Qualitative assessment

    Scales, matrices and narrative analysis. Useful for communication and screening, but risk matrices can rank risks inconsistently and should not be the only tool.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Los organismos y documentos con los que se lee esta página. El estado y las ediciones cambian; cada enlace lleva al organismo emisor.

14Preguntas

Preguntas y respuestas.

Are risk matrices reliable?
They are useful for screening and communication, but they rank risks coarsely and can mislead when risks are correlated or consequences are uncertain. Important decisions need methods that show ranges and dependencies.
What is structured expert judgement?
A formal process for eliciting estimates from experts, often with seed questions whose answers are known, so that each expert’s calibration and informativeness can be scored and estimates combined accordingly.
When should risk be quantified?
When data or models can support a number whose uncertainty can be stated, and when the decision needs it. Where they cannot, a well-documented qualitative assessment is more honest than a false number.
Are quantitative methods always better?
No. They are better when data and models are adequate. Where they are not, numbers can mislead, and structured qualitative methods or scenarios are more honest.
What is wrong with risk matrices?
They are simple and widely understood, but coarse scales can rank different risks equally, hide uncertainty and ignore dependence. They work best as a screening tool alongside other methods.
How should uncertainty be communicated?
With ranges, scenarios and plain statements of what is not known, so that decision-makers can see how much the conclusion depends on uncertain inputs.
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