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GCRI · Gestione del rischio sistemico

Metodi quantitativi e qualitativi

valutazione del rischio uses numbers where data support them and structured judgement where they do not. Probabilistic models, loss distributions, Elicitazione strutturata del giudizio esperto, bow-tie diagrams and risk matrices each answer different questions and fail in different ways. This page sets out how the main methods work, when each is fit for purpose, and how combining them keeps an assessment honest about what is known and what is assumed.

01Registrare

Quantitative and qualitative methods on the record.

02La domanda

Quantitative and qualitative methods: how the risk develops.

Probability, uncertainty and judgement. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Meccanismo

Models need data that fit

Frequency and severity models work where events are numerous and recorded consistently. For rare, novel or changing risks the data are thin, and a precise-looking number can carry more assumption than evidence.

Meccanismo

Judgement carries biases

Experts anchor on recent events, overestimate their own precision and converge in groups. Structured elicitation reduces these effects by separating estimates, asking for ranges and scoring calibration.

Meccanismo

Matrices compress information

Likelihood and consequence matrices are quick to use, but they rank risks coarsely, can reverse orderings and hide correlated losses. They suit screening, and need other methods before a major decision.

Meccanismo

Methods combine through structure

Fault trees, event trees and bow-tie diagrams link causes, controls and consequences. They provide a frame into which quantitative estimates and expert judgement can be placed and checked.

03Monitoraggio

Cascade and stress lab.

La schermata che un gruppo utilizzerebbe per seguire questo tema: misure, stati e decisioni. I nomi sono esempi e i valori sono illustrativi.

Cascade and stress lab

Quantitative and qualitative methods · National system · Scenario SC-40

Cascade crosses three systemsGCRI · Gestione del rischio sistemico

Interdependency graph

red: failed in scenario

Cascade sequence

  1. T+0HAZHeatwave and drought
  2. T+6hENGThermal plant derated, cooling water
  3. T+9hICTData centre on backup power
  4. T+14hWATPumping reduced, pressure loss
  5. T+20hHLTHospital water supply at risk

Service loss by system

Cascade and stress lab: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantitative and qualitative methods.Nomi di esempio e valori illustrativi; un progetto, non un registro né un sistema attivo.
04Tra i domini

Methods must be fit for risks that cross domains.

05Metodi ed evidenze

How quantitative and qualitative methods is modelled, measured and tested.

Il modello, le sue ipotesi, i suoi dati e la sua incertezza, nella forma in cui uno scienziato o un ingegnere li verificherebbe. Le strutture seguono metodi pubblicati. I valori rappresentati sono illustrativi, non risultati.

Modello, equazioni e ipotesi

The model structure used for quantitative and qualitative methods, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

Rischio dell'elemento iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)pericolo, esposizione, vulnerabilità e capacità di risposta
Perdita annua attesaEAL = ∑k pk · Lksu eventi k con probabilità annua pk
Sistemi accoppiatixt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
IpotesiPerché è realizzatoCome viene testato
Pericolo ed esposizione sono indipendenti all'interno di un eventoMantiene trattabile l'integrale delle perditeConfrontare con un adattamento di copula su registrazioni congiunte
Gli accoppiamenti sono lineari vicino al punto di funzionamentoConsente agli shock di propagarsi attraverso APerturbare oltre l'intervallo lineare e confrontare
Le curve di vulnerabilità si trasferiscono da un luogo all'altroLe curve locali sono raramente disponibiliValidare rispetto alle perdite osservate, dove esistono
Input
set di dati versionati con provenienza
Risultati
distribuzioni, mai valori singoli
Codice
pubblicato con la scheda del modello e i test
Riproduzione
stessi dati, codice, ambiente e seed
Formulazioni standard del rischio e dello spazio degli stati; le ipotesi elencate sono tipiche del metodo, dichiarate per la revisione, non risultati.
Principi guida FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comitato sui satelliti per l'osservazione della Terra
06Indicatori

Cosa viene misurato e con quale accuratezza.

Ogni indicatore riporta la sua unità, la sua cadenza, il tipo di fonte su cui si basa e l'etichetta di evidenza che un valore riporterebbe. Non sono mostrati valori: un programma li fornisce sotto la propria autorità.

IndicatoreUnitàCadenzaTipo di fonteEtichetta
Risks assessed with quantitative estimatespercent of principal risksannualeAssessment recordsRIPORTATO
Calibration of expert estimatescalibration score on seed questionsper elicitationStructured expert judgement recordsOSSERVATO
Loss event recordscount of events with cause and amount recordedcontinuoInternal loss databasesOSSERVATO
Assessment uncertainty rangeratio of upper to lower boundper valutazioneAssessment outputsSTIMATO
Controls with tested effectivenesspercent of key controlsannualeControl testing recordsRIPORTATO
Method documentation completenesspercent of assessments with method, data and assumptions recordedannualeAssessment filesRIPORTATO
07Fonti

Da dove provengono le evidenze.

Set di dati pubblici e registri istituzionali specifici, ciascuno con la sua classe di licenza. Le fonti soggette ad accordo sono utilizzate solo alle relative condizioni e mai ripubblicate.

FonteCosa fornisceClasse di licenza
IEC 31010 Tecniche di valutazione del rischio techniquesDescriptions, strengths and limits of more than forty techniquesLicensed standard, purchase required
Banca dati internazionale sui disastri EM-DAT (CRED, UCLouvain)Disaster events with human and economic impactsFree for non-commercial use with registration
Quadro di riferimento di Sendai per la riduzione del rischio di disastri Monitor and national disaster loss databasesPublished reporting of disaster losses against Sendai targetsPubblico, condizioni d'uso delle Nazioni Unite
TU Delft expert judgement databasePast structured expert judgement studies with calibration dataLicence to check
Published operational loss data consortia summariesAggregate operational loss patterns in financial servicesMembers only; public summaries (to check)
08Decisioni

Chi decide, e a cosa servono le evidenze.

rischio sistemico Management prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Chi decideLa domandaEvidenze fornite da questa pagina
Risk functions and analystsWhich method fits a given risk and decisionMethod selection guides; documentation standards
Boards and executivesHow much confidence to place in an assessment before acting on itUncertainty ranges; method documentation; calibration records
Regulators and supervisorsWhether an institution’s risk models are fit for the use made of themModel documentation; validation and back-testing evidence

Output prodotti da questo argomento

  • Method selection guides keyed to the question and the evidence available
  • Structured Elicitazione strutturata del giudizio esperto protocols with calibration
  • Bow-tie and fault-tree templates linked to registers
  • Assessment files that record data, assumptions and ranges
09Questioni centrali

What methods experts ask.

  • Is there enough relevant data to estimate probabilities, or would numbers convey a false sense of precision?
  • What kind of uncertainty dominates: randomness, lack of knowledge, or disagreement about how the system works?
  • How sensitive is the decision to the parts of the analysis that are least certain?
  • How can expert judgement be elicited so that it is transparent and less prone to bias?
10Meccanismi

Kinds of uncertainty.

Aleatory

Randomness

Natural variability that persists even with perfect knowledge, such as weather from year to year. Probability handles it well.

Epistemic

Lack of knowledge

Uncertainty that more data or research could reduce. It should be shown, not hidden in a single number.

Deep

Disputed structure

Where experts disagree on models, probabilities or values. Scenarios and robust decision methods suit it better.

11Metodi e limiti

A toolkit, matched to the problem.

  1. 01

    Statistical and probabilistic models

    Frequency analysis, extreme value methods and Bayesian inference from probabilità e statistica. Limits: rare events are poorly sampled, and past data may not reflect a changing system.

  2. 02

    Quantificazione dell'incertezza

    Quantificazione dell'incertezza e validazione dei modelli propagates input uncertainty through models and tests them against data. Limits: it cannot capture what the model leaves out.

  3. 03

    Giudizio strutturato di esperti

    Formal elicitation protocols that calibrate and combine expert views. Limits: time-consuming, and experts share blind spots.

  4. 04

    Qualitative assessment

    Scales, matrices and narrative analysis. Useful for communication and screening, but risk matrices can rank risks inconsistently and should not be the only tool.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Gli organismi e i documenti alla luce dei quali si legge questa pagina. Stato ed edizioni cambiano; ogni link porta all'organismo emittente.

14Domande

Domande e risposte.

Are risk matrices reliable?
They are useful for screening and communication, but they rank risks coarsely and can mislead when risks are correlated or consequences are uncertain. Important decisions need methods that show ranges and dependencies.
What is structured expert judgement?
A formal process for eliciting estimates from experts, often with seed questions whose answers are known, so that each expert’s calibration and informativeness can be scored and estimates combined accordingly.
When should risk be quantified?
When data or models can support a number whose uncertainty can be stated, and when the decision needs it. Where they cannot, a well-documented qualitative assessment is more honest than a false number.
Are quantitative methods always better?
No. They are better when data and models are adequate. Where they are not, numbers can mislead, and structured qualitative methods or scenarios are more honest.
What is wrong with risk matrices?
They are simple and widely understood, but coarse scales can rank different risks equally, hide uncertainty and ignore dependence. They work best as a screening tool alongside other methods.
How should uncertainty be communicated?
With ranges, scenarios and plain statements of what is not known, so that decision-makers can see how much the conclusion depends on uncertain inputs.
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