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GCRI · Gestão do risco sistêmico

Métodos quantitativos e qualitativos

avaliação do risco uses numbers where data support them and structured judgement where they do not. Probabilistic models, loss distributions, elicitação de especialistas, bow-tie diagrams and risk matrices each answer different questions and fail in different ways. This page sets out how the main methods work, when each is fit for purpose, and how combining them keeps an assessment honest about what is known and what is assumed.

01Registrar

Quantitative and qualitative methods on the record.

02A pergunta

Quantitative and qualitative methods: how the risk develops.

Probability, uncertainty and judgement. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Models need data that fit

Frequency and severity models work where events are numerous and recorded consistently. For rare, novel or changing risks the data are thin, and a precise-looking number can carry more assumption than evidence.

Mecanismo

Judgement carries biases

Experts anchor on recent events, overestimate their own precision and converge in groups. Structured elicitation reduces these effects by separating estimates, asking for ranges and scoring calibration.

Mecanismo

Matrices compress information

Likelihood and consequence matrices are quick to use, but they rank risks coarsely, can reverse orderings and hide correlated losses. They suit screening, and need other methods before a major decision.

Mecanismo

Methods combine through structure

Fault trees, event trees and bow-tie diagrams link causes, controls and consequences. They provide a frame into which quantitative estimates and expert judgement can be placed and checked.

03Monitoramento

Cascade and stress lab.

A tela que uma equipe usaria para acompanhar esta matéria: suas medidas, estados e decisões. Os nomes são exemplos e os valores são ilustrativos.

Cascade and stress lab

Quantitative and qualitative methods · National system · Scenario SC-40

Cascade crosses three systemsGCRI · Gestão do risco sistêmico

Interdependency graph

red: failed in scenario

Cascade sequence

  1. T+0HAZHeatwave and drought
  2. T+6hENGThermal plant derated, cooling water
  3. T+9hICTData centre on backup power
  4. T+14hWATPumping reduced, pressure loss
  5. T+20hHLTHospital water supply at risk

Service loss by system

Cascade and stress lab: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantitative and qualitative methods.Nomes de exemplo e valores ilustrativos; um projeto, não um registro nem um sistema ativo.
04Em todos os domínios

Methods must be fit for risks that cross domains.

05Métodos e evidência

How quantitative and qualitative methods is modelled, measured and tested.

O modelo, os seus pressupostos, os seus dados e a sua incerteza, na forma que um cientista ou engenheiro verificaria. As estruturas seguem métodos publicados. Os valores representados são ilustrativos, não conclusões.

Modelo, equações e pressupostos

The model structure used for quantitative and qualitative methods, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

Risco do elemento iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)ameaça, exposição, vulnerabilidade e capacidade de enfrentamento
Perda anual esperadaEAL = ∑k pk · Lksobre os eventos k com probabilidade anual pk
Sistemas acopladosxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
PressupostoPorque é feitoComo é testado
A ameaça e a exposição são independentes dentro de um eventoMantém tratável o integral de perdasComparar com um ajuste de cópula sobre registros conjuntos
Os acoplamentos são lineares perto do ponto de funcionamentoPermite que os choques se propaguem através de APerturbar para além do intervalo linear e comparar
As curvas de vulnerabilidade transferem-se entre lugaresAs curvas locais raramente estão disponíveisValidar face às perdas observadas quando existam
Entradas
conjuntos de dados versionados com proveniência
Resultados
distribuições, nunca números isolados
Código
publicado com a ficha de modelo e os testes
Reprodução
mesmos dados, código, ambiente e semente
Formulações padrão de risco e de espaço de estados; os pressupostos listados são típicos do método, indicados para revisão, não resultados.
Princípios orientadores FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientação sobre o tratamento consistente das incertezas · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
06Indicadores

O que é medido e com que qualidade.

Cada indicador leva sua unidade, sua periodicidade, o tipo de fonte por trás dele e a etiqueta de evidência que um valor levaria. Nenhum valor é mostrado: um programa os fornece sob sua própria autoridade.

IndicadorUnidadeCadênciaTipo de fonteRótulo
Risks assessed with quantitative estimatespercent of principal risksanualAssessment recordsREPORTADO
Calibration of expert estimatescalibration score on seed questionsper elicitationStructured expert judgement recordsOBSERVADO
Loss event recordscount of events with cause and amount recordedcontínuoInternal loss databasesOBSERVADO
Assessment uncertainty rangeratio of upper to lower boundpor avaliaçãoAssessment outputsESTIMADO
Controls with tested effectivenesspercent of key controlsanualControl testing recordsREPORTADO
Method documentation completenesspercent of assessments with method, data and assumptions recordedanualAssessment filesREPORTADO
07Fontes

De onde vêm as evidências.

Conjuntos de dados públicos nomeados e registros institucionais, cada um com sua classe de licença. As fontes obtidas por acordo só são usadas nos seus termos e nunca são republicadas.

FonteO que ofereceClasse de licença
IEC 31010 Técnicas de avaliação do risco techniquesDescriptions, strengths and limits of more than forty techniquesLicensed standard, purchase required
Base de dados internacional de desastres EM-DAT (CRED, UCLouvain)Disaster events with human and economic impactsFree for non-commercial use with registration
Quadro de Sendai para a Redução do Risco de Desastres Monitor and national disaster loss databasesPublished reporting of disaster losses against Sendai targetsPúblico, termos de uso da ONU
TU Delft expert judgement databasePast structured expert judgement studies with calibration dataLicence to check
Published operational loss data consortia summariesAggregate operational loss patterns in financial servicesMembers only; public summaries (to check)
08Decisões

Quem decide, e a que servem as evidências.

risco sistêmico Management prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quem decideA perguntaEvidências a que esta página serve
Risk functions and analystsWhich method fits a given risk and decisionMethod selection guides; documentation standards
Boards and executivesHow much confidence to place in an assessment before acting on itUncertainty ranges; method documentation; calibration records
Regulators and supervisorsWhether an institution’s risk models are fit for the use made of themModel documentation; validation and back-testing evidence

Produtos que este tema gera

  • Method selection guides keyed to the question and the evidence available
  • Os elicitação de especialistas protocols with calibration
  • Bow-tie and fault-tree templates linked to registers
  • Assessment files that record data, assumptions and ranges
09Questões centrais

What methods experts ask.

  • Is there enough relevant data to estimate probabilities, or would numbers convey a false sense of precision?
  • What kind of uncertainty dominates: randomness, lack of knowledge, or disagreement about how the system works?
  • How sensitive is the decision to the parts of the analysis that are least certain?
  • How can expert judgement be elicited so that it is transparent and less prone to bias?
10Mecanismos

Kinds of uncertainty.

Aleatory

Randomness

Natural variability that persists even with perfect knowledge, such as weather from year to year. Probability handles it well.

Epistemic

Lack of knowledge

Uncertainty that more data or research could reduce. It should be shown, not hidden in a single number.

Deep

Disputed structure

Where experts disagree on models, probabilities or values. Scenarios and robust decision methods suit it better.

11Métodos e limites

A toolkit, matched to the problem.

  1. 01

    Statistical and probabilistic models

    Frequency analysis, extreme value methods and Bayesian inference from probabilidade e estatística. Limits: rare events are poorly sampled, and past data may not reflect a changing system.

  2. 02

    Quantificação da incerteza

    Quantificação da incerteza e validação de modelos propagates input uncertainty through models and tests them against data. Limits: it cannot capture what the model leaves out.

  3. 03

    Julgamento estruturado de especialistas

    Formal elicitation protocols that calibrate and combine expert views. Limits: time-consuming, and experts share blind spots.

  4. 04

    Qualitative assessment

    Scales, matrices and narrative analysis. Useful for communication and screening, but risk matrices can rank risks inconsistently and should not be the only tool.

12Métodos

Como é estudado e o que os métodos não podem dizer.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Os organismos e documentos à luz dos quais esta página é lida. O estado e as edições mudam; cada ligação leva ao organismo emissor.

14Perguntas

Perguntas e respostas.

Are risk matrices reliable?
They are useful for screening and communication, but they rank risks coarsely and can mislead when risks are correlated or consequences are uncertain. Important decisions need methods that show ranges and dependencies.
What is structured expert judgement?
A formal process for eliciting estimates from experts, often with seed questions whose answers are known, so that each expert’s calibration and informativeness can be scored and estimates combined accordingly.
When should risk be quantified?
When data or models can support a number whose uncertainty can be stated, and when the decision needs it. Where they cannot, a well-documented qualitative assessment is more honest than a false number.
Are quantitative methods always better?
No. They are better when data and models are adequate. Where they are not, numbers can mislead, and structured qualitative methods or scenarios are more honest.
What is wrong with risk matrices?
They are simple and widely understood, but coarse scales can rank different risks equally, hide uncertainty and ignore dependence. They work best as a screening tool alongside other methods.
How should uncertainty be communicated?
With ranges, scenarios and plain statements of what is not known, so that decision-makers can see how much the conclusion depends on uncertain inputs.
RelatóriosContribuir

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Relatórios is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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