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GCRI · Zukunft der Arbeit und Kompetenzen

Übergang von der Bildung in den Beruf

The move from education into stable, decent work shapes a young person’s earnings and wellbeing for years. Many young people face long searches, informal or temporary jobs, or neither work nor study. This page sets out how school-to-work transitions unfold and stall, how they are measured, and what evidence serves the education and labour authorities, employers and youth organisations involved.

02Die Frage

Education to work transition: how the risk develops.

Access and professional inclusion. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mechanismus

Skills mismatch slows entry

When education does not match employers’ needs, graduates struggle to find suitable work and employers report shortages at the same time.

Mechanismus

Early setbacks scar

Unemployment early in a career lowers later earnings and employment, an effect known as scarring.

Mechanismus

Work-based learning helps

Apprenticeships and internships linked to qualifications ease the transition by combining learning with real work.

Mechanismus

Barriers differ by group

Young women, rural youth, young people with disabilities and those from poor households face longer transitions.

03Monitoring

Konsole für Kompetenzen und Exposition.

Die Ansicht, die ein Team nutzen würde, um dieses Thema zu verfolgen: seine Messgrößen, Zustände und Entscheidungen. Namen sind Beispiele, Werte sind illustrativ.

Konsole für Kompetenzen und Exposition

Education to work transition · Labour market A · Year 3

Lücke bei DatenrollenGCRI · Zukunft der Arbeit und Kompetenzen

Berufe nach Exposition

Bürokräfte59,3590.8ErsatzDatenbetrieb
Maschinenbediener45,6090.6GemischtWartung von Robotern
Pflegekräfte20,9650.2ErgänzungWeiterqualifizieren
Analysten11,5410.3ErgänzungWeiterqualifizieren

Offene Stellen nach Kompetenz

050100offene Stellen je 100 ArbeitsuchendeDatenVersorgungHandwerksberufeGrünVerwaltung

Umschulungspfad

  1. BeurteilenKompetenzprofil
  2. AbgleichenZielrolle
  3. Schulen13 Wochen
  4. OrtArbeitgeber
  5. Nachverfolgen6 Monate
Skills and exposure console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Education to work transition.Beispielnamen und beispielhafte Werte; ein Entwurf, kein Eintrag und kein Live-System.
04Domänenübergreifend

Transitions into work depend on each domain’s demand for skills.

05Methoden und Evidenz

How education to work transition is modelled, measured and tested.

Das Modell, seine Annahmen, seine Daten und seine Unsicherheit in der Form, in der eine Wissenschaftlerin oder ein Ingenieur sie prüfen würde. Die Strukturen folgen veröffentlichten Methoden. Die dargestellten Werte sind illustrativ, keine Befunde.

Systemmodell

The couplings between the systems in education to work transition: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++ArbeitGesellschaftKünstliche IntelligenzGemeinschaftenWirtschaftR verstärkendB ausgleichend
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR-Leitprinzipien · GO FAIR und FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumHinweise zur einheitlichen Behandlung von Unsicherheiten · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
06Indikatoren

Was gemessen wird und wie gut.

Jeder Indikator trägt seine Einheit, seinen Rhythmus, die Art der zugrunde liegenden Quelle und die Evidenzkennzeichnung, die ein Wert tragen würde. Es werden keine Werte gezeigt: Ein Programm liefert sie unter seiner eigenen Autorität.

IndikatorEinheitTaktQuellentypKennzeichnung
Youth not in employment, education or trainingpercent of youthjährlichLabour force surveysVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Youth unemployment ratepercentvierteljährlichLabour force surveysVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Time to first stable jobMonateper surveySchool-to-work transition surveysBERICHTET
Apprenticeship participationAnzahljährlichApprenticeship registersVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Graduates in jobs matching their fieldpercentper surveyGraduate tracer studiesBERICHTET
Informal employment among youthpercentjährlichLabour force surveysVeröffentlichte Statistiken
07Quellen

Woher die Evidenz stammt.

Benannte öffentliche Datensätze und institutionelle Aufzeichnungen, jeweils mit ihrer Lizenzklasse. Quellen auf Vereinbarungsbasis werden nur zu ihren Bedingungen genutzt und niemals weiterveröffentlicht.

QuelleWas es liefertLizenzklasse
ILO school-to-work transition surveysTransitions of young people into workPublic, ILO terms
ILOSTAT youth labour market indicatorsNEET, unemployment and informalityOffen, CC BY 4.0
OECD Bildung at a GlanceEducation and labour market outcomesPublic, OECD terms
Graduate tracer studies from universities and ministriesEmployment of graduatesLicence per publisher
Cedefop work-based learning resourcesApprenticeship Systeme in EuropePublic, EU terms
08Entscheidungen

Wer entscheidet und wozu die Evidenz dient.

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Wer entscheidetDie FrageEvidenz, der diese Seite dient
Bildung and labour ministriesHow to strengthen transitions and work-based learningTransition profiles; evaluations
Employers and sector bodiesHow to offer apprenticeships and entry jobsMismatch and programme evidence
JugendorganisationenWhich barriers to addressGroup-specific evidence

Ergebnisse, die dieses Thema hervorbringt

  • Youth transition profiles by group
  • Evaluations of apprenticeship and youth employment programmes
  • Skills mismatch analyses
  • Evidence notes for youth employment strategies
09Kernfragen

What researchers ask about first transitions.

  • How long does it take young people to find stable work after leaving education, and how does that vary?
  • Which education and training routes, such as apprenticeships, lead to good first jobs?
  • What barriers do disadvantaged groups face in entering professions?
  • How do early spells of unemployment affect later careers?
10Mechanismen

Why first steps matter.

Entering the labour market during a recession or after a long gap can reduce earnings for years, a scarring effect. Employers use qualifications and networks to screen applicants, which favours those with well-connected families. Unpaid internships and informal recruitment can exclude people who cannot afford to work for free or lack contacts.

System that combine learning with work, such as apprenticeships and work-integrated learning, tend to ease transitions because they build skills employers value and connections to real jobs. But quality varies, and the occupations offered can reproduce gender and social divides.

11Methoden und Daten

Evidence on transitions.

  1. 01

    Graduate and school-leaver tracking

    Following cohorts into work, using Ökonometrie. Response rates fall over time.

  2. 02

    Evaluation of apprenticeships and programmes

    Comparing outcomes across routes. Selection effects are hard to remove.

  3. 03

    Audit studies

    Testing for discrimination in hiring with matched applications, using Sozial- und Verhaltenswissenschaften. Studies capture one stage of hiring.

  4. 04

    Skills mismatch measures

    Comparing qualifications and skills with job requirements, using Ökonomie und Entwicklungsökonomie. Different measures give different answers.

12Methoden

Wie es untersucht wird und was die Methoden nicht sagen können.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Die Gremien und Dokumente, vor deren Hintergrund diese Seite gelesen wird. Status und Ausgaben ändern sich; jeder Link führt zur herausgebenden Stelle.

14Fragen

Fragen und Antworten.

What is a NEET?
A young person not in employment, education or training, a measure of youth disengagement from work and learning.
What is scarring?
The lasting negative effect of early unemployment on a person’s later earnings, employment and wellbeing, documented in many countries.
Do apprenticeships help young people find work?
Evidence from many countries suggests that well-designed apprenticeships improve employment, though results depend on training quality and on genuine employer involvement.
What is labour market scarring?
Lasting reductions in earnings and employment for people who experience unemployment early in their careers or enter work during a downturn.
Do apprenticeships work?
Well-designed apprenticeships linked to employer demand generally show good outcomes, but quality and access vary widely between countries and occupations.
Does the platform run internship or graduate schemes?
No. It is a research platform. Supervised learning placements in the Consortium are described by Agency under written terms.
What helps disadvantaged young people most?
Evidence points to combinations of guidance, work-based learning, paid placements and active outreach, rather than any single measure.
How is professional inclusion measured?
Through the representation of different groups in professions, entry rates and progression, compared with the qualified population. Data gaps are common.
BerichteBeitragen

Evidenz von dieser Seite aus beitragen.

Berichte is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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