Skip to content

GCRI · Futuro del trabajo y las competencias

Transición de la educación al empleo

The move from education into stable, decent work shapes a young person’s earnings and wellbeing for years. Many young people face long searches, informal or temporary jobs, or neither work nor study. This page sets out how school-to-work transitions unfold and stall, how they are measured, and what evidence serves the education and labour authorities, employers and youth organisations involved.

02La pregunta

Education to work transition: how the risk develops.

Access and professional inclusion. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Skills mismatch slows entry

When education does not match employers’ needs, graduates struggle to find suitable work and employers report shortages at the same time.

Mecanismo

Early setbacks scar

Unemployment early in a career lowers later earnings and employment, an effect known as scarring.

Mecanismo

Work-based learning helps

Apprenticeships and internships linked to qualifications ease the transition by combining learning with real work.

Mecanismo

Barriers differ by group

Young women, rural youth, young people with disabilities and those from poor households face longer transitions.

03Seguimiento

Consola de competencias y exposición.

La pantalla que utilizaría un equipo para seguir esta materia: sus mediciones, estados y decisiones. Los nombres son ejemplos y los valores son ilustrativos.

Consola de competencias y exposición

Education to work transition · Labour market A · Year 3

Brecha en los roles de datosGCRI · Futuro del trabajo y las competencias

Ocupaciones por exposición

Personal administrativo59,3590.8SustitutoOperaciones de datos
Operadores de máquinas45,6090.6MixtoMantenimiento de robots
Trabajadores de cuidados20,9650.2ComplementoMejorar competencias
Analistas11,5410.3ComplementoMejorar competencias

Vacantes por competencia

050100vacantes por cada 100 solicitantes de empleoDatosAtenciónOficiosVerdeAdministración

Itinerario de recualificación

  1. Evaluarperfil de competencias
  2. Coincidenciapuesto objetivo
  3. Capacitar13 semanas
  4. Lugarempleador
  5. Dar seguimiento6 meses
Skills and exposure console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Education to work transition.Nombres de ejemplo y valores ilustrativos; un diseño, no un registro ni un sistema en vivo.
04En todos los dominios

Transitions into work depend on each domain’s demand for skills.

05Métodos y evidencia

How education to work transition is modelled, measured and tested.

El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.

Modelo de sistema

The couplings between the systems in education to work transition: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++TrabajoSociedadInteligencia artificialComunidadesEconomíaR de refuerzoB equilibrio
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principios rectores FAIR · GO FAIR y FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientación para un tratamiento coherente de las incertidumbres · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sobre Satélites de Observación de la Tierra
06Indicadores

Qué se mide y con qué calidad.

Cada indicador lleva su unidad, su periodicidad, el tipo de fuente que lo respalda y la etiqueta de evidencia que llevaría un valor. No se muestran valores: un programa los aporta bajo su propia autoridad.

IndicadorUnidadCadenciaTipo de fuenteEtiqueta
Youth not in employment, education or trainingpercent of youthanualLabour force surveysEstadísticas publicadas
Youth unemployment ratepercenttrimestralLabour force surveysEstadísticas publicadas
Time to first stable jobmesesper surveySchool-to-work transition surveysNOTIFICADO
Apprenticeship participationrecuentoanualApprenticeship registersEstadísticas publicadas
Graduates in jobs matching their fieldpercentper surveyGraduate tracer studiesNOTIFICADO
Informal employment among youthpercentanualLabour force surveysEstadísticas publicadas
07Fuentes

De dónde procede la evidencia.

Conjuntos de datos públicos y registros institucionales identificados, cada uno con su tipo de licencia. Las fuentes obtenidas por acuerdo solo se utilizan conforme a sus condiciones y nunca se republican.

FuenteLo que aportaTipo de licencia
ILO school-to-work transition surveysTransitions of young people into workPublic, ILO terms
ILOSTAT youth labour market indicatorsNEET, unemployment and informalityAbierta, CC BY 4.0
OECD Educación at a GlanceEducation and labour market outcomesPublic, OECD terms
Graduate tracer studies from universities and ministriesEmployment of graduatesLicence per publisher
Cedefop work-based learning resourcesApprenticeship sistemas in EuropePublic, EU terms
08Decisiones

Quién decide y a qué sirve la evidencia.

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quién decideLa preguntaEvidencia a la que sirve esta página
Educación and labour ministriesHow to strengthen transitions and work-based learningTransition profiles; evaluations
Employers and sector bodiesHow to offer apprenticeships and entry jobsMismatch and programme evidence
Organizaciones juvenilesWhich barriers to addressGroup-specific evidence

Productos que genera este tema

  • Youth transition profiles by group
  • Evaluations of apprenticeship and youth employment programmes
  • Skills mismatch analyses
  • Evidence notes for youth employment strategies
09Cuestiones centrales

What researchers ask about first transitions.

  • How long does it take young people to find stable work after leaving education, and how does that vary?
  • Which education and training routes, such as apprenticeships, lead to good first jobs?
  • What barriers do disadvantaged groups face in entering professions?
  • How do early spells of unemployment affect later careers?
10Mecanismos

Why first steps matter.

Entering the labour market during a recession or after a long gap can reduce earnings for years, a scarring effect. Employers use qualifications and networks to screen applicants, which favours those with well-connected families. Unpaid internships and informal recruitment can exclude people who cannot afford to work for free or lack contacts.

sistemas that combine learning with work, such as apprenticeships and work-integrated learning, tend to ease transitions because they build skills employers value and connections to real jobs. But quality varies, and the occupations offered can reproduce gender and social divides.

11Métodos y datos

Evidence on transitions.

  1. 01

    Graduate and school-leaver tracking

    Following cohorts into work, using econometría. Response rates fall over time.

  2. 02

    Evaluation of apprenticeships and programmes

    Comparing outcomes across routes. Selection effects are hard to remove.

  3. 03

    Audit studies

    Testing for discrimination in hiring with matched applications, using ciencias sociales y del comportamiento. Studies capture one stage of hiring.

  4. 04

    Skills mismatch measures

    Comparing qualifications and skills with job requirements, using economía y economía del desarrollo. Different measures give different answers.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Los organismos y documentos con los que se lee esta página. El estado y las ediciones cambian; cada enlace lleva al organismo emisor.

14Preguntas

Preguntas y respuestas.

What is a NEET?
A young person not in employment, education or training, a measure of youth disengagement from work and learning.
What is scarring?
The lasting negative effect of early unemployment on a person’s later earnings, employment and wellbeing, documented in many countries.
Do apprenticeships help young people find work?
Evidence from many countries suggests that well-designed apprenticeships improve employment, though results depend on training quality and on genuine employer involvement.
What is labour market scarring?
Lasting reductions in earnings and employment for people who experience unemployment early in their careers or enter work during a downturn.
Do apprenticeships work?
Well-designed apprenticeships linked to employer demand generally show good outcomes, but quality and access vary widely between countries and occupations.
Does the platform run internship or graduate schemes?
No. It is a research platform. Supervised learning placements in the Consortium are described by Agency under written terms.
What helps disadvantaged young people most?
Evidence points to combinations of guidance, work-based learning, paid placements and active outreach, rather than any single measure.
How is professional inclusion measured?
Through the representation of different groups in professions, entry rates and progression, compared with the qualified population. Data gaps are common.
serie ReportsContribuir

Aporte evidencia desde esta página.

serie Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIFuturo del trabajo y competenciasPerspectiva prospectivaNota de evidencia
Futuro del trabajo y competencias

Aporte un método, un conjunto de datos o una pregunta.

La información y las consultas están abiertas hoy. Una consulta recibe una referencia e indica el siguiente paso; las solicitudes, pagos, asignaciones de cómputo y registros solo se abren cuando existen su equipo, sus condiciones y la capacidad de revisión.