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GCRI · مستقبل العمل والمهارات

الانتقال من التعليم إلى العمل

The move from education into stable, decent work shapes a young person’s earnings and wellbeing for years. Many young people face long searches, informal or temporary jobs, or neither work nor study. This page sets out how school-to-work transitions unfold and stall, how they are measured, and what evidence serves the education and labour authorities, employers and youth organisations involved.

02السؤال

Education to work transition: how the risk develops.

Access and professional inclusion. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

الآلية

Skills mismatch slows entry

When education does not match employers’ needs, graduates struggle to find suitable work and employers report shortages at the same time.

الآلية

Early setbacks scar

Unemployment early in a career lowers later earnings and employment, an effect known as scarring.

الآلية

Work-based learning helps

Apprenticeships and internships linked to qualifications ease the transition by combining learning with real work.

الآلية

Barriers differ by group

Young women, rural youth, young people with disabilities and those from poor households face longer transitions.

03الرصد

وحدة تحكم المهارات والتعرض.

الشاشة التي قد يستخدمها فريق لمتابعة هذا الموضوع: مقاييسه وحالاته وقراراته. والأسماء أمثلة والقيم توضيحية.

وحدة تحكم المهارات والتعرض

Education to work transition · Labour market A · Year 3

فجوة في أدوار البياناتGCRI · مستقبل العمل والمهارات

المهن بحسب التعرض

الدعم الكتابي59,3590.8بديلعمليات البيانات
مشغلو الآلات45,6090.6مختلطصيانة الروبوتات
عاملو الرعاية20,9650.2المكملرفع المهارات
المحللون11,5410.3المكملرفع المهارات

الشواغر بحسب المهارة

050100شواغر لكل 100 باحث عن عملالبياناتالرعايةالحرفيونالأخضرالإداري

مسار إعادة التأهيل

  1. التقييمملف المهارات
  2. مطابقةالدور المستهدف
  3. تدريب13 أسابيع
  4. المكانجهة العمل
  5. المتابعة6 أشهر
Skills and exposure console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Education to work transition.أسماء مثالية وقيم توضيحية؛ تصميم وليس سجلًا ولا نظامًا حيًا.
05الأساليب والأدلة

How education to work transition is modelled, measured and tested.

النموذج وافتراضاته وبياناته وعدم اليقين فيه، بالصورة التي يفحصها بها عالم أو مهندس. وتتبع البنى أساليب منشورة. والقيم المرسومة توضيحية، وليست نتائج.

نموذج النظام

The couplings between the systems in education to work transition: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++العملالمجتمعالذكاء الاصطناعيالمجتمعاتالاقتصاد⁨R⁩ معزِّزة⁨B⁩ موازِنة
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
مبادئ FAIR التوجيهية · GO FAIR وFORCE11⁨W3C PROV⁩ · اتحاد الشبكة العالميةإرشادات بشأن المعالجة المتسقة لأوجه عدم اليقين · الهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخبيانات CEOS الجاهزة للتحليل · لجنة سواتل رصد الأرض
06المؤشرات الفرعية

ما الذي يُقاس، ومدى جودة قياسه.

يحمل كل مؤشر وحدته ووتيرته ونوع المصدر الذي يستند إليه ووسم الأدلة الذي ستحمله القيمة. ولا تُعرض أي قيم: فالبرنامج يقدّمها بموجب سلطته الخاصة.

المؤشرالوحدةوتيرة الإصدارنوع المصدرالوسم
Youth not in employment, education or trainingpercent of youthسنويLabour force surveysالإحصاءات المنشورة
Youth unemployment ratepercentفصليLabour force surveysالإحصاءات المنشورة
Time to first stable jobأشهرper surveySchool-to-work transition surveysمُبلَّغ عنه
Apprenticeship participationالعددسنويApprenticeship registersالإحصاءات المنشورة
Graduates in jobs matching their fieldpercentper surveyGraduate tracer studiesمُبلَّغ عنه
Informal employment among youthpercentسنويLabour force surveysالإحصاءات المنشورة
07المصادر

من أين تأتي الأدلة.

مجموعات بيانات عامة مسمّاة وسجلات مؤسسية، لكلٍّ منها فئة ترخيصها. ولا تُستخدم المصادر المتاحة بموجب اتفاق إلا وفق شروطها، ولا يُعاد نشرها أبدًا.

المصدرما يقدّمهفئة الترخيص
ILO school-to-work transition surveysTransitions of young people into workPublic, ILO terms
ILOSTAT youth labour market indicatorsNEET, unemployment and informalityمفتوح، CC BY 4.0
OECD التعليم at a GlanceEducation and labour market outcomesPublic, OECD terms
Graduate tracer studies from universities and ministriesEmployment of graduatesLicence per publisher
Cedefop work-based learning resourcesApprenticeship النظم in EuropePublic, EU terms
08القرارات

من يقرر، وما الذي تخدمه الأدلة.

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

من يقررالسؤالالأدلة التي تخدمها هذه الصفحة
التعليم and labour ministriesHow to strengthen transitions and work-based learningTransition profiles; evaluations
Employers and sector bodiesHow to offer apprenticeships and entry jobsMismatch and programme evidence
منظمات الشبابWhich barriers to addressGroup-specific evidence

المخرجات التي يُنتجها هذا الموضوع

  • Youth transition profiles by group
  • Evaluations of apprenticeship and youth employment programmes
  • Skills mismatch analyses
  • Evidence notes for youth employment strategies
09الأسئلة الجوهرية

What researchers ask about first transitions.

  • How long does it take young people to find stable work after leaving education, and how does that vary?
  • Which education and training routes, such as apprenticeships, lead to good first jobs?
  • What barriers do disadvantaged groups face in entering professions?
  • How do early spells of unemployment affect later careers?
10الآليات

Why first steps matter.

Entering the labour market during a recession or after a long gap can reduce earnings for years, a scarring effect. Employers use qualifications and networks to screen applicants, which favours those with well-connected families. Unpaid internships and informal recruitment can exclude people who cannot afford to work for free or lack contacts.

النظم that combine learning with work, such as apprenticeships and work-integrated learning, tend to ease transitions because they build skills employers value and connections to real jobs. But quality varies, and the occupations offered can reproduce gender and social divides.

11المناهج والبيانات

Evidence on transitions.

  1. 01

    Graduate and school-leaver tracking

    Following cohorts into work, using الاقتصاد القياسي. Response rates fall over time.

  2. 02

    Evaluation of apprenticeships and programmes

    Comparing outcomes across routes. Selection effects are hard to remove.

  3. 03

    Audit studies

    Testing for discrimination in hiring with matched applications, using العلوم الاجتماعية والسلوكية. Studies capture one stage of hiring.

  4. 04

    Skills mismatch measures

    Comparing qualifications and skills with job requirements, using الاقتصاد واقتصاد التنمية. Different measures give different answers.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

الهيئات والوثائق التي تُقرأ هذه الصفحة في ضوئها. وتتغير الحالات والإصدارات؛ ويقود كل رابط إلى الهيئة المُصدِرة.

14أسئلة

أسئلة وأجوبة.

What is a NEET?
A young person not in employment, education or training, a measure of youth disengagement from work and learning.
What is scarring?
The lasting negative effect of early unemployment on a person’s later earnings, employment and wellbeing, documented in many countries.
Do apprenticeships help young people find work?
Evidence from many countries suggests that well-designed apprenticeships improve employment, though results depend on training quality and on genuine employer involvement.
What is labour market scarring?
Lasting reductions in earnings and employment for people who experience unemployment early in their careers or enter work during a downturn.
Do apprenticeships work?
Well-designed apprenticeships linked to employer demand generally show good outcomes, but quality and access vary widely between countries and occupations.
Does the platform run internship or graduate schemes?
No. It is a research platform. Supervised learning placements in the Consortium are described by Agency under written terms.
What helps disadvantaged young people most?
Evidence points to combinations of guidance, work-based learning, paid placements and active outreach, rather than any single measure.
How is professional inclusion measured?
Through the representation of different groups in professions, entry rates and progression, compared with the qualified population. Data gaps are common.
التقاريرساهم

ساهم بأدلة من هذه الصفحة.

التقارير is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIمستقبل العمل والمهاراتنظرة استشرافيةموجز الأدلة
مستقبل العمل والمهارات

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