GCRI · 工作与技能的未来
从教育到就业的过渡
The move from education into stable, decent work shapes a young person’s earnings and wellbeing for years. Many young people face long searches, informal or temporary jobs, or neither work nor study. This page sets out how school-to-work transitions unfold and stall, how they are measured, and what evidence serves the education and labour authorities, employers and youth organisations involved.
Education to work transition in seven parts.
Education to work transition: how the risk develops.
Access and professional inclusion. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Skills mismatch slows entry
When education does not match employers’ needs, graduates struggle to find suitable work and employers report shortages at the same time.
Early setbacks scar
Unemployment early in a career lowers later earnings and employment, an effect known as scarring.
Work-based learning helps
Apprenticeships and internships linked to qualifications ease the transition by combining learning with real work.
Barriers differ by group
Young women, rural youth, young people with disabilities and those from poor households face longer transitions.
技能与暴露控制台。
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
技能与暴露控制台
Education to work transition · Labour market A · Year 3
按暴露程度划分的职业
| 文书支持 | 59,359 | 0.8 | 替代 | 数据运营 |
| 机器操作人员 | 45,609 | 0.6 | 混合 | 机器人维护 |
| 护理工作者 | 20,965 | 0.2 | 补充 | 技能提升 |
| 分析人员 | 11,541 | 0.3 | 补充 | 技能提升 |
按技能划分的职位空缺
再培训路径
- 评估技能概况
- 匹配目标岗位
- 培训13 周
- 地点雇主
- 跟进6 个月
How education to work transition is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
系统模型
The couplings between the systems in education to work transition: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Youth not in employment, education or training | percent of youth | 年度 | Labour force surveys | 已发布统计 |
| Youth unemployment rate | percent | 每季度 | Labour force surveys | 已发布统计 |
| Time to first stable job | 月 | per survey | School-to-work transition surveys | 已报告 |
| Apprenticeship participation | 计数 | 年度 | Apprenticeship registers | 已发布统计 |
| Graduates in jobs matching their field | percent | per survey | Graduate tracer studies | 已报告 |
| Informal employment among youth | percent | 年度 | Labour force surveys | 已发布统计 |
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| ILO school-to-work transition surveys | Transitions of young people into work | Public, ILO terms |
| ILOSTAT youth labour market indicators | NEET, unemployment and informality | 开放，CC BY 4.0 |
| OECD 教育 at a Glance | Education and labour market outcomes | Public, OECD terms |
| Graduate tracer studies from universities and ministries | Employment of graduates | Licence per publisher |
| Cedefop work-based learning resources | Apprenticeship 系统 in Europe | Public, EU terms |
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| 教育 and labour ministries | How to strengthen transitions and work-based learning | Transition profiles; evaluations |
| Employers and sector bodies | How to offer apprenticeships and entry jobs | Mismatch and programme evidence |
| 青年组织 | Which barriers to address | Group-specific evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Youth transition profiles by group
- Evaluations of apprenticeship and youth employment programmes
- Skills mismatch analyses
- Evidence notes for youth employment strategies
What researchers ask about first transitions.
- How long does it take young people to find stable work after leaving education, and how does that vary?
- Which education and training routes, such as apprenticeships, lead to good first jobs?
- What barriers do disadvantaged groups face in entering professions?
- How do early spells of unemployment affect later careers?
Why first steps matter.
Entering the labour market during a recession or after a long gap can reduce earnings for years, a scarring effect. Employers use qualifications and networks to screen applicants, which favours those with well-connected families. Unpaid internships and informal recruitment can exclude people who cannot afford to work for free or lack contacts.
系统 that combine learning with work, such as apprenticeships and work-integrated learning, tend to ease transitions because they build skills employers value and connections to real jobs. But quality varies, and the occupations offered can reproduce gender and social divides.
Evidence on transitions.
- 01
Graduate and school-leaver tracking
Following cohorts into work, using 计量经济学. Response rates fall over time.
- 02
Evaluation of apprenticeships and programmes
Comparing outcomes across routes. Selection effects are hard to remove.
- 03
Audit studies
Testing for discrimination in hiring with matched applications, using 社会与行为科学. Studies capture one stage of hiring.
- 04
Skills mismatch measures
Comparing qualifications and skills with job requirements, using 经济学与发展经济学. Different measures give different answers.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is a NEET?
What is scarring?
Do apprenticeships help young people find work?
What is labour market scarring?
Do apprenticeships work?
Does the platform run internship or graduate schemes?
What helps disadvantaged young people most?
How is professional inclusion measured?
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