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GCRI · Futuro del lavoro e delle competenze

Transizione dalla scuola al lavoro

The move from education into stable, decent work shapes a young person’s earnings and wellbeing for years. Many young people face long searches, informal or temporary jobs, or neither work nor study. This page sets out how school-to-work transitions unfold and stall, how they are measured, and what evidence serves the education and labour authorities, employers and youth organisations involved.

02La domanda

Education to work transition: how the risk develops.

Access and professional inclusion. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Meccanismo

Skills mismatch slows entry

When education does not match employers’ needs, graduates struggle to find suitable work and employers report shortages at the same time.

Meccanismo

Early setbacks scar

Unemployment early in a career lowers later earnings and employment, an effect known as scarring.

Meccanismo

Work-based learning helps

Apprenticeships and internships linked to qualifications ease the transition by combining learning with real work.

Meccanismo

Barriers differ by group

Young women, rural youth, young people with disabilities and those from poor households face longer transitions.

03Monitoraggio

Console di competenze ed esposizione.

La schermata che un gruppo utilizzerebbe per seguire questo tema: misure, stati e decisioni. I nomi sono esempi e i valori sono illustrativi.

Console di competenze ed esposizione

Education to work transition · Labour market A · Year 3

Divario nei ruoli sui datiGCRI · Futuro del lavoro e delle competenze

Professioni per esposizione

Personale d'ufficio59,3590.8SostitutoOperazioni sui dati
Operatori di macchine45,6090.6MistoManutenzione dei robot
Operatori dell'assistenza20,9650.2ComplementoRiqualificare
Analisti11,5410.3ComplementoRiqualificare

Posti vacanti per competenza

050100posti vacanti ogni 100 persone in cerca di lavoroDatiCuraMestieriVerdeAmministrazione

Percorso di riqualificazione

  1. Valutareprofilo delle competenze
  2. Corrispondenzaruolo target
  3. Formare13 settimane
  4. Luogodatore di lavoro
  5. Dare seguito6 mesi
Skills and exposure console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Education to work transition.Nomi di esempio e valori illustrativi; un progetto, non un registro né un sistema attivo.
04Tra i domini

Transitions into work depend on each domain’s demand for skills.

05Metodi ed evidenze

How education to work transition is modelled, measured and tested.

Il modello, le sue ipotesi, i suoi dati e la sua incertezza, nella forma in cui uno scienziato o un ingegnere li verificherebbe. Le strutture seguono metodi pubblicati. I valori rappresentati sono illustrativi, non risultati.

Modello di sistema

The couplings between the systems in education to work transition: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++LavoroSocietàIntelligenza artificialeComunitàEconomiaR di rinforzoB bilanciamento
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principi guida FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comitato sui satelliti per l'osservazione della Terra
06Indicatori

Cosa viene misurato e con quale accuratezza.

Ogni indicatore riporta la sua unità, la sua cadenza, il tipo di fonte su cui si basa e l'etichetta di evidenza che un valore riporterebbe. Non sono mostrati valori: un programma li fornisce sotto la propria autorità.

IndicatoreUnitàCadenzaTipo di fonteEtichetta
Youth not in employment, education or trainingpercent of youthannualeLabour force surveysStatistiche pubblicate
Youth unemployment ratepercenttrimestraleLabour force surveysStatistiche pubblicate
Time to first stable jobmesiper surveySchool-to-work transition surveysRIPORTATO
Apprenticeship participationconteggioannualeApprenticeship registersStatistiche pubblicate
Graduates in jobs matching their fieldpercentper surveyGraduate tracer studiesRIPORTATO
Informal employment among youthpercentannualeLabour force surveysStatistiche pubblicate
07Fonti

Da dove provengono le evidenze.

Set di dati pubblici e registri istituzionali specifici, ciascuno con la sua classe di licenza. Le fonti soggette ad accordo sono utilizzate solo alle relative condizioni e mai ripubblicate.

FonteCosa fornisceClasse di licenza
ILO school-to-work transition surveysTransitions of young people into workPublic, ILO terms
ILOSTAT youth labour market indicatorsNEET, unemployment and informalityAperto, CC BY 4.0
OECD Istruzione at a GlanceEducation and labour market outcomesPublic, OECD terms
Graduate tracer studies from universities and ministriesEmployment of graduatesLicence per publisher
Cedefop work-based learning resourcesApprenticeship sistemi in EuropePublic, EU terms
08Decisioni

Chi decide, e a cosa servono le evidenze.

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Chi decideLa domandaEvidenze fornite da questa pagina
Istruzione and labour ministriesHow to strengthen transitions and work-based learningTransition profiles; evaluations
Employers and sector bodiesHow to offer apprenticeships and entry jobsMismatch and programme evidence
Organizzazioni giovaniliWhich barriers to addressGroup-specific evidence

Output prodotti da questo argomento

  • Youth transition profiles by group
  • Evaluations of apprenticeship and youth employment programmes
  • Skills mismatch analyses
  • Evidence notes for youth employment strategies
09Questioni centrali

What researchers ask about first transitions.

  • How long does it take young people to find stable work after leaving education, and how does that vary?
  • Which education and training routes, such as apprenticeships, lead to good first jobs?
  • What barriers do disadvantaged groups face in entering professions?
  • How do early spells of unemployment affect later careers?
10Meccanismi

Why first steps matter.

Entering the labour market during a recession or after a long gap can reduce earnings for years, a scarring effect. Employers use qualifications and networks to screen applicants, which favours those with well-connected families. Unpaid internships and informal recruitment can exclude people who cannot afford to work for free or lack contacts.

sistemi that combine learning with work, such as apprenticeships and work-integrated learning, tend to ease transitions because they build skills employers value and connections to real jobs. But quality varies, and the occupations offered can reproduce gender and social divides.

11Metodi e dati

Evidence on transitions.

  1. 01

    Graduate and school-leaver tracking

    Following cohorts into work, using econometria. Response rates fall over time.

  2. 02

    Evaluation of apprenticeships and programmes

    Comparing outcomes across routes. Selection effects are hard to remove.

  3. 03

    Audit studies

    Testing for discrimination in hiring with matched applications, using scienze sociali e comportamentali. Studies capture one stage of hiring.

  4. 04

    Skills mismatch measures

    Comparing qualifications and skills with job requirements, using economia ed economia dello sviluppo. Different measures give different answers.

12Metodi

Come viene studiato, e cosa i metodi non possono dire.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Gli organismi e i documenti alla luce dei quali si legge questa pagina. Stato ed edizioni cambiano; ogni link porta all'organismo emittente.

14Domande

Domande e risposte.

What is a NEET?
A young person not in employment, education or training, a measure of youth disengagement from work and learning.
What is scarring?
The lasting negative effect of early unemployment on a person’s later earnings, employment and wellbeing, documented in many countries.
Do apprenticeships help young people find work?
Evidence from many countries suggests that well-designed apprenticeships improve employment, though results depend on training quality and on genuine employer involvement.
What is labour market scarring?
Lasting reductions in earnings and employment for people who experience unemployment early in their careers or enter work during a downturn.
Do apprenticeships work?
Well-designed apprenticeships linked to employer demand generally show good outcomes, but quality and access vary widely between countries and occupations.
Does the platform run internship or graduate schemes?
No. It is a research platform. Supervised learning placements in the Consortium are described by Agency under written terms.
What helps disadvantaged young people most?
Evidence points to combinations of guidance, work-based learning, paid placements and active outreach, rather than any single measure.
How is professional inclusion measured?
Through the representation of different groups in professions, entry rates and progression, compared with the qualified population. Data gaps are common.
RapportiContribuisci

Contribuisci con evidenze da questa pagina.

Rapporti is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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