GCRI · Registry

Clases de evidencia

Not all evidence carries the same weight. A peer-reviewed trial, a published statistic, a model output, a press statement and an owner’s own declaration can all support the same sentence, yet each warrants a different degree of reliance. Evidence classes make that difference visible. This page sets out how records are classed by evidence type, how confidence is stated, how reliance limits are set, and why claims drift beyond what their evidence supports.

02La pregunta

Evidence classes: how the risk develops.

Evidence type, reliance limits and confidence. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Class collapse

When observed, modelled, reported and declared evidence share one field with no label, a reader cannot tell a measurement from a projection or a self-assessment. The weakest source then borrows the authority of the strongest.

Mecanismo

Claim creep

A finding moves from a cautious report to an abstract, a summary and a headline, losing qualifiers at each step. The claim widens while its evidence stays the same, until it exceeds what any source supports.

Mecanismo

Single-source dependence

Many records rest on one upstream source cited by several intermediaries. Counting the intermediaries makes the evidence look plural and independent when it is one source repeated.

Mecanismo

Confidence without basis

A confidence word such as likely or high is attached without saying what it rests on. Readers in different fields interpret the word differently, so one label carries different meanings to an editor, a funder and a court.

03Seguimiento

Libro de registros.

La pantalla que utilizaría un equipo para seguir esta materia: sus mediciones, estados y decisiones. Los nombres son ejemplos y los valores son ilustrativos.

Libro de registros

Evidence classes · Registry · Ledger head 3142470

  • Registros inscritos
    5701
  • Procedencia completa, % de los registros
    92Normal
  • Correcciones abiertas
    10Vigilar
  • Retenciones de derechos
    4Info
Verificación de integridad superadaGCRI · Registry

Últimos registros

NX-R-12221Estado del programav24472615Registrado
NX-P-88287Publicaciónv31324692Registrado
NX-E-72567Expediente de evidenciav44410118Corrección abierta
NX-C-27773Participaciónv17438493Retención de derechos

Historial de versiones

  1. v1NEWInscrito con fuentes
  2. v2FIXUnidad corregida, motivo registrado
  3. v3OPENCorrección solicitada
Record ledger: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Evidence classes.Nombres de ejemplo y valores ilustrativos; un diseño, no un registro ni un sistema en vivo.
04In the five domains

Evidence classes mean the same thing in every domain.

05Métodos y evidencia

How evidence classes is modelled, measured and tested.

El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.

Conjuntos de datos y procedencia

The data classes behind evidence classes and what is recorded about each before it is used.

Clase de datosProcedencia registradaResolución indicadaLicencia verificada
Imágenes satelitales, ópticas y de radarsensor, nivel de procesamiento, fecha de adquisicióntamaño de píxel y revisitapor escena
Reanálisis y resultados de modelos climáticosmodelo, experimento, miembro, versiónmalla y paso temporalpor publicación
Sensores y estaciones de medición in situestación, instrumento, registro de calibraciónpunto y frecuencia de muestreopor red
Exposición de la población y los activosmétodo, cosecha, fuentes de entradatamaño de celda y unidadpor publicación
Límites y geografía de referenciaproductor, edición, fechaescalapor edición
Linaje
Registro W3C PROV de la fuente a la figura
Principios
FAIR: localizables, accesibles, interoperables, reutilizables
Brechas
se muestra como ausente, nunca se rellena en silencio
Clases de datos y campos de procedencia registrados para cada una; un conjunto de datos se enumera por su nombre solo cuando su licencia admite el uso.
Principios rectores FAIR · GO FAIR y FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientación para un tratamiento coherente de las incertidumbres · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sobre Satélites de Observación de la Tierra
06Indicadores

Qué se mide y con qué calidad.

Cada indicador lleva su unidad, su periodicidad, el tipo de fuente que lo respalda y la etiqueta de evidencia que llevaría un valor. No se muestran valores: un programa los aporta bajo su propia autoridad.

IndicadorUnidadCadenciaTipo de fuenteEtiqueta
Assertions with an evidence classshare of assertionsmensualSchema validationOBSERVADO
Assertions by evidence classcount by classtrimestralRegistry recordsOBSERVADO
Assertions resting on a single sourceshare of assertionstrimestralProvenance graphOBSERVADO
Confidence statements with a stated basisshare of confidence statementstrimestralCuration reviewOBSERVADO
Class reassignments after reviewrecuentotrimestralReview recordsOBSERVADO
Agreement between independent classifiersagreement coefficientper auditDouble-coding auditESTIMADO
Claims exceeding their evidence classrecuentomensualClaim-to-evidence auditOBSERVADO
07Fuentes

De dónde procede la evidencia.

Conjuntos de datos públicos y registros institucionales identificados, cada uno con su tipo de licencia. Las fuentes obtenidas por acuerdo solo se utilizan conforme a sus condiciones y nunca se republican.

FuenteLo que aportaTipo de licencia
GRADE handbookA method for rating the certainty of evidence and the strength of recommendationsFree to read, GRADE Working Group terms
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of InterventionsMethods for assessing risk of bias and synthesising evidenceFree to read online, Cochrane copyright
Nota de orientación del IPCC sobre el tratamiento coherente de las incertidumbresLenguaje calibrado de confianza y probabilidad en las evaluacionesFree to read, IPCC terms
Evidence and Conclusion Ontology (ECO)A controlled vocabulary of evidence types used in scientific curationOpen ontology, free to reuse
Oxford CEBM levels of evidenceA hierarchy of evidence types for clinical questionsFree to read, attribution
Campbell Collaboration methods guidanceMethods for evidence synthesis in social and economic policyFree to read, Campbell terms
08Decisiones

Quién decide y a qué sirve la evidencia.

Registry prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quién decideLa preguntaEvidencia a la que sirve esta página
Guideline panels and systematic reviewersHow much weight an assertion can bear in a recommendationEvidence class, certainty rating and independence of the sources behind it
Funders and assessment panelsWhether reported outcomes are evidenced or only declaredClass labels separating observed outcomes from self-reported and planned ones
Journal editorsWhether a manuscript’s claims match the class of evidence it citesEvidence class of each cited record and any single-source dependence
Regulators and public bodiesWhether evidence is strong enough to justify a rule or an interventionClass, confidence basis and reliance limits for each supporting record

Productos que genera este tema

  • An evidence class assigned to each assertion and carried into every view and export
  • A glossary of classes stating what each supports and what it does not
  • Reliance notes marking assertions that rest on a single source
  • Confidence statements with their stated basis and the reviewer who set them
09Cuestiones centrales

What experts ask about evidence types.

  • How should a classification separate the source of a claim from its reliability?
  • How can a label survive aggregation, when estimates are mixed with observations?
  • How should confidence be communicated to non-specialists without misleading them?
  • When is a scenario mistaken for a forecast, and how is that prevented?
  • What should a record say when the evidence type is unknown?
10Mecanismos

How evidence loses its label.

Evidence is most often misused not because it is wrong but because it is read as something it is not. A modelled estimate printed in a table beside published statistics acquires their apparent authority. A scenario designed to explore a possibility is quoted as a prediction. Assessment bodies in climate science, public health and statistics have each developed calibrated language for confidence and likelihood for this reason.

The Registry uses the evidence labels shared across the programme: Observed, Published statistics, Institution-reported, Estimated, Modelled, Forecast, Scenario, Expert judgement and Unknown. A label names a source type. “Published statistics” means published by the responsible agency; it is not a claim of endorsement. Estimates stay labelled as estimates and never replace published figures.

11Métodos y límites

Classifying and qualifying evidence.

  1. 01

    Tipo de fuente

    The label records how the evidence was produced, separately from any judgement of quality.

  2. 02

    Reliance limits

    Each record states the uses it can and cannot support, such as the geographic scale or period for which it holds.

  3. 03

    Confidence

    Where a method yields uncertainty, the record carries it, drawing on statistical practice from the STEM Commons. See ingeniería, interoperabilidad y custodia de datos for the data side.

  4. 04

    Límites

    Any classification simplifies. Mixed evidence needs the most cautious label of its parts, which can understate strong findings, and labels depend on honest declaration by issuers.

12Métodos

Cómo se estudia y lo que los métodos no pueden decir.

  1. Ingeniería, interoperabilidad y custodia de datosIngesta validada por esquemas · Conciliación de identificadores persistentes · Captura del linaje en las cadenasAplicado aquí
  2. Ciberseguridad y criptografíaHistorial de registros con evidencia de manipulación · Exportaciones y versiones firmadas · Modelización de amenazas de las vías de ediciónAplicado aquí
  3. Identidad digital y sistemas digitales públicosAutenticación y autoridad del emisor · Desambiguación de los colaboradores por la propia personaAplicado aquí
13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Los organismos y documentos con los que se lee esta página. El estado y las ediciones cambian; cada enlace lleva al organismo emisor.

14Preguntas

Preguntas y respuestas.

Is a declared assertion worthless?
No. A declaration is the issuer’s own statement, and for some facts, such as an owner’s intent, it is the right evidence. It is labelled so readers know it has not been independently checked.
Why can confidence words mislead?
Because likely or high confidence mean different things across fields. Stating the basis, such as the agreement of independent sources, lets readers judge the word for themselves.
Can an assertion’s class change?
Yes. New evidence, review or correction can raise or lower it. Each change is recorded with its reason, and the earlier class stays visible in the record’s history.
Why are many citations not many sources?
Because several records can repeat one upstream source. The provenance graph shows whether supporting records are independent or share an origin, which matters more than their count.
Is “published statistics” a stronger label than Modelled?
It names a different source, not a ranking. A published figure can be revised, and a model can be well validated. The record states the limits of each.
Why keep an Unknown label?
Because pretending to know a source is worse than saying it is unknown. An Unknown label tells readers to treat the evidence with care.
Can a record carry more than one label?
A composite record states the label of each part, and its headline label is the most cautious one.
serie ReportsContribuir

Aporte evidencia desde esta página.

serie Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIRegistroMétodos y técnica
Registro

Aporte un método, un conjunto de datos o una pregunta.

La información y las consultas están abiertas hoy. Una consulta recibe una referencia e indica el siguiente paso; las solicitudes, pagos, asignaciones de cómputo y registros solo se abren cuando existen su equipo, sus condiciones y la capacidad de revisión.

The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation

Science · evidence · measurement

Not for profit

Our articles, maps and twins are free to read and free to republish. Readers and partners keep it that way.

Partner with us

Who funds us

GCRI is a not-for-profit institution. To ask who funds a piece of work, use the funding questions form.

Independence

Editors and the expert reviewers named on each article decide what we publish. Funders and partners do not review or approve articles before publication.

Licence

Articles: CC BY 4.0. Figures, maps, twins and data: CC BY 4.0. Other uses: ask through the permissions form.