GCRI · Registry

Classi di evidenza

Not all evidence carries the same weight. A peer-reviewed trial, a published statistic, a model output, a press statement and an owner’s own declaration can all support the same sentence, yet each warrants a different degree of reliance. Evidence classes make that difference visible. This page sets out how records are classed by evidence type, how confidence is stated, how reliance limits are set, and why claims drift beyond what their evidence supports.

02La domanda

Evidence classes: how the risk develops.

Evidence type, reliance limits and confidence. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Meccanismo

Class collapse

When observed, modelled, reported and declared evidence share one field with no label, a reader cannot tell a measurement from a projection or a self-assessment. The weakest source then borrows the authority of the strongest.

Meccanismo

Claim creep

A finding moves from a cautious report to an abstract, a summary and a headline, losing qualifiers at each step. The claim widens while its evidence stays the same, until it exceeds what any source supports.

Meccanismo

Single-source dependence

Many records rest on one upstream source cited by several intermediaries. Counting the intermediaries makes the evidence look plural and independent when it is one source repeated.

Meccanismo

Confidence without basis

A confidence word such as likely or high is attached without saying what it rests on. Readers in different fields interpret the word differently, so one label carries different meanings to an editor, a funder and a court.

03Monitoraggio

Libro mastro dei record.

La schermata che un gruppo utilizzerebbe per seguire questo tema: misure, stati e decisioni. I nomi sono esempi e i valori sono illustrativi.

Registro dei record

Evidence classes · Registry · Ledger head 3142470

  • Record registrati
    5701
  • Provenienza completa, % dei record
    92Normale
  • Correzioni aperte
    10Attenzione
  • Sospensioni dei diritti
    4Info
Controllo di integrità superatoGCRI · Registry

Ultimi record

NX-R-12221Stato del programmav24472615Registrato
NX-P-88287Pubblicazionev31324692Registrato
NX-E-72567Fascicolo delle evidenzev44410118Correzione aperta
NX-C-27773Partecipazionev17438493Sospensione dei diritti

Cronologia delle versioni

  1. v1NEWRegistrato con le fonti
  2. v2FIXUnità corretta, motivo registrato
  3. v3OPENCorrezione richiesta
Record ledger: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Evidence classes.Nomi di esempio e valori illustrativi; un progetto, non un registro né un sistema attivo.
04In the five domains

Evidence classes mean the same thing in every domain.

05Metodi ed evidenze

How evidence classes is modelled, measured and tested.

Il modello, le sue ipotesi, i suoi dati e la sua incertezza, nella forma in cui uno scienziato o un ingegnere li verificherebbe. Le strutture seguono metodi pubblicati. I valori rappresentati sono illustrativi, non risultati.

Dataset e provenienza

The data classes behind evidence classes and what is recorded about each before it is used.

Classe di datiProvenienza registrataRisoluzione indicataLicenza verificata
Immagini satellitari, ottiche e radarsensore, livello di elaborazione, data di acquisizionedimensione del pixel e rivisitazioneper scena
Rianalisi e output dei modelli climaticimodello, esperimento, membro, versionegriglia e passo temporaleper rilascio
Sensori e stazioni di misura in situstazione, strumento, registro di taraturapunto e frequenza di campionamentoper rete
Esposizione della popolazione e dei benimetodo, annata, fonti di inputdimensione e unità della cellaper rilascio
Confini e geografia di riferimentoproduttore, edizione, datascalaper edizione
Lignaggio
Record W3C PROV dalla fonte alla figura
Principi
FAIR: reperibili, accessibili, interoperabili, riutilizzabili
Lacune
mostrato come mancante, mai riempito in silenzio
Classi di dati e campi di provenienza registrati per ciascuna; un dataset è elencato per nome solo quando la sua licenza ne ammette l'uso.
Principi guida FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comitato sui satelliti per l'osservazione della Terra
06Indicatori

Cosa viene misurato e con quale accuratezza.

Ogni indicatore riporta la sua unità, la sua cadenza, il tipo di fonte su cui si basa e l'etichetta di evidenza che un valore riporterebbe. Non sono mostrati valori: un programma li fornisce sotto la propria autorità.

IndicatoreUnitàCadenzaTipo di fonteEtichetta
Assertions with an evidence classshare of assertionsmensileSchema validationOSSERVATO
Assertions by evidence classcount by classtrimestraleRegistry recordsOSSERVATO
Assertions resting on a single sourceshare of assertionstrimestraleProvenance graphOSSERVATO
Confidence statements with a stated basisshare of confidence statementstrimestraleCuration reviewOSSERVATO
Class reassignments after reviewconteggiotrimestraleReview recordsOSSERVATO
Agreement between independent classifiersagreement coefficientper auditDouble-coding auditSTIMATO
Claims exceeding their evidence classconteggiomensileClaim-to-evidence auditOSSERVATO
07Fonti

Da dove provengono le evidenze.

Set di dati pubblici e registri istituzionali specifici, ciascuno con la sua classe di licenza. Le fonti soggette ad accordo sono utilizzate solo alle relative condizioni e mai ripubblicate.

FonteCosa fornisceClasse di licenza
GRADE handbookA method for rating the certainty of evidence and the strength of recommendationsFree to read, GRADE Working Group terms
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of InterventionsMethods for assessing risk of bias and synthesising evidenceFree to read online, Cochrane copyright
Nota di orientamento dell'IPCC sul trattamento coerente delle incertezzeLinguaggio calibrato di confidenza e probabilità nelle valutazioniFree to read, IPCC terms
Evidence and Conclusion Ontology (ECO)A controlled vocabulary of evidence types used in scientific curationOpen ontology, free to reuse
Oxford CEBM levels of evidenceA hierarchy of evidence types for clinical questionsFree to read, attribution
Campbell Collaboration methods guidanceMethods for evidence synthesis in social and economic policyFree to read, Campbell terms
08Decisioni

Chi decide, e a cosa servono le evidenze.

Registry prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Chi decideLa domandaEvidenze fornite da questa pagina
Guideline panels and systematic reviewersHow much weight an assertion can bear in a recommendationEvidence class, certainty rating and independence of the sources behind it
Funders and assessment panelsWhether reported outcomes are evidenced or only declaredClass labels separating observed outcomes from self-reported and planned ones
Journal editorsWhether a manuscript’s claims match the class of evidence it citesEvidence class of each cited record and any single-source dependence
Regulators and public bodiesWhether evidence is strong enough to justify a rule or an interventionClass, confidence basis and reliance limits for each supporting record

Output prodotti da questo argomento

  • An evidence class assigned to each assertion and carried into every view and export
  • A glossary of classes stating what each supports and what it does not
  • Reliance notes marking assertions that rest on a single source
  • Confidence statements with their stated basis and the reviewer who set them
09Questioni centrali

What experts ask about evidence types.

  • How should a classification separate the source of a claim from its reliability?
  • How can a label survive aggregation, when estimates are mixed with observations?
  • How should confidence be communicated to non-specialists without misleading them?
  • When is a scenario mistaken for a forecast, and how is that prevented?
  • What should a record say when the evidence type is unknown?
10Meccanismi

How evidence loses its label.

Evidence is most often misused not because it is wrong but because it is read as something it is not. A modelled estimate printed in a table beside published statistics acquires their apparent authority. A scenario designed to explore a possibility is quoted as a prediction. Assessment bodies in climate science, public health and statistics have each developed calibrated language for confidence and likelihood for this reason.

The Registry uses the evidence labels shared across the programme: Observed, Published statistics, Institution-reported, Estimated, Modelled, Forecast, Scenario, Expert judgement and Unknown. A label names a source type. “Published statistics” means published by the responsible agency; it is not a claim of endorsement. Estimates stay labelled as estimates and never replace published figures.

11Metodi e limiti

Classifying and qualifying evidence.

  1. 01

    Tipo di fonte

    The label records how the evidence was produced, separately from any judgement of quality.

  2. 02

    Reliance limits

    Each record states the uses it can and cannot support, such as the geographic scale or period for which it holds.

  3. 03

    Confidence

    Where a method yields uncertainty, the record carries it, drawing on statistical practice from the STEM Commons. See ingegneria, interoperabilità e custodia dei dati for the data side.

  4. 04

    Limiti

    Any classification simplifies. Mixed evidence needs the most cautious label of its parts, which can understate strong findings, and labels depend on honest declaration by issuers.

12Metodi

Come viene studiato, e cosa i metodi non possono dire.

  1. Ingegneria, interoperabilità e gestione responsabile dei datiAcquisizione con convalida degli schemi · Riconciliazione degli identificatori persistenti · Registrazione della tracciabilità nelle pipelineApplicato qui
  2. Cybersicurezza e crittografiaCronologia dei registri a prova di manomissione · Esportazioni e rilasci firmati · Modellazione delle minacce dei percorsi di modificaApplicato qui
  3. Identità digitale e sistemi digitali pubbliciAutenticazione e autorità dell'emittente · Disambiguazione dei collaboratori da parte della persona stessaApplicato qui
13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Gli organismi e i documenti alla luce dei quali si legge questa pagina. Stato ed edizioni cambiano; ogni link porta all'organismo emittente.

14Domande

Domande e risposte.

Is a declared assertion worthless?
No. A declaration is the issuer’s own statement, and for some facts, such as an owner’s intent, it is the right evidence. It is labelled so readers know it has not been independently checked.
Why can confidence words mislead?
Because likely or high confidence mean different things across fields. Stating the basis, such as the agreement of independent sources, lets readers judge the word for themselves.
Can an assertion’s class change?
Yes. New evidence, review or correction can raise or lower it. Each change is recorded with its reason, and the earlier class stays visible in the record’s history.
Why are many citations not many sources?
Because several records can repeat one upstream source. The provenance graph shows whether supporting records are independent or share an origin, which matters more than their count.
Is “published statistics” a stronger label than Modelled?
It names a different source, not a ranking. A published figure can be revised, and a model can be well validated. The record states the limits of each.
Why keep an Unknown label?
Because pretending to know a source is worse than saying it is unknown. An Unknown label tells readers to treat the evidence with care.
Can a record carry more than one label?
A composite record states the label of each part, and its headline label is the most cautious one.
RapportiContribuisci

Contribuisci con evidenze da questa pagina.

Rapporti is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIRegistroMetodi e aspetti tecnici
Registro

Porta un metodo, un set di dati o una domanda.

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