Data appendix
The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Disaster is where the systems meet
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Major cyclone landfall with lifeline and health-system failure
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
B.1The indicator set
| Indicator | Value | Unit | Year | State | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disasters recorded | 358 | events | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Disaster deaths recorded | 16,607 | people | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| People affected by recorded disasters | 110.2 | million | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Economic losses recorded (EM-DAT) | 169.7 | USD billion | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Natural catastrophe economic losses (Swiss Re) | 220 | USD billion | 2025 | Reported | 4 |
| Natural catastrophe insured losses (Swiss Re) | 107 | USD billion | 2025 | Reported | 4 |
| Disaster displacement movements | 29.9 | million | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| People in disaster displacement at year end | 13.6 | million | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| Countries reporting multi-hazard early warning | 119 | countries | 2025 | Reported | 3 |
| Hurricane Melissa damage, Jamaica (World Bank and IDB) | 8.8 | USD billion | 2025 | Reported | 5 |
| Hurricane Melissa damage, Jamaica (NHC report) | 12.2 | USD billion | 2025 | Reported | 6 |
| Heat-related deaths in Europe, summer 2022 | 61,672 | people | 2022 | Reported | 14 |
| Heat-related deaths in Europe, 2023 | 47,690 | people | 2023 | Reported | 15 |
| People exposed to a 1-in-100-year flood | 1.81 | billion | 2020 | Reported | 16 |
| Annual cost of infrastructure disruption, low- and middle-income countries | 391 to 647 | USD billion | 2019 | Estimated | 13 |
| Global mean temperature above 1850 to 1900 (ERA5) | 1.47 | °C | 2025 | Reported | 23 |
| Insured losses in a modelled peak-loss year | 320 | USD billion | 2026 | Scenario | 4 |
B.2Global source register
The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.
Domains bound by the register
- CLI
- HLT
- FIN
- GOV
- INF
- DAT
- WAT
- FOO
- ENE
- BIO
| Source | Category | Coverage | Period | Cadence | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EM-DAT annual report, Disasters in numbers 20251 | research centre, open database | global | 2025 | annual | burden, averages |
| IDMC Global Report on Internal Displacement 20262 | monitoring centre | global | 2025 | annual | displacement |
| UNDRR and WMO early warning status3 | UN agencies | global | 2025 | annual | warning coverage |
| Swiss Re Institute sigma 1/20264 | reinsurer research | global | 2025 | annual | losses and cover |
| World Bank and IDB damage estimate5 | development banks | Jamaica | 2025 | per event | rapid damage |
| National Hurricane Center report on Melissa6 | national agency | Caribbean | 2025 | per storm | event record |
| USGS earthquake event pages91011 | national agency | global | 2025 | continuous | magnitudes |
| World Bank Unbreakable12 and Lifelines13 | development bank | global | 2016 to 2019 | one-off | poverty and lifelines |
| WHO heat and health fact sheet8 | UN agency | global | 2000 to 2022 | periodic | heat burden |
| Copernicus Global Climate Highlights 202523 | intergovernmental programme | global | 2025 | annual | temperature |
B.3Regional reading: disaster across ten clusters
Map plates follow with the regional Baseline Editions, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form and ranks no region.
| Region | Principal hazards | Systems most exposed | Baseline evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| North America | wildfire, tornado outbreaks and severe storms | cities, insurance, power | USD 53.9 billion wildfire loss and a USD 9.4 billion tornado outbreak1; convective storm insured losses USD 51 billion4 |
| South America | drought, floods and tsunami alerts | farms, cities, coast | Amazon drought USD 4.8 billion and Bolivian floods affecting 3 million people1; Chile 1.5 million evacuations2 |
| Europe | heat waves | health, cities | estimated heat deaths 2022 and 20231415; 25 recorded disaster deaths in 20251 |
| Eurasia | earthquake and tsunami alert on the Pacific coast | coast, ports | magnitude 8.8 event off Kamchatka10; regional statistics (not bound) |
| Middle East and North Africa | drought and displacement | farms, households | Syria drought left 16.2 million people affected1 |
| Africa | flash floods, landslides and drought | households, farms, roads | Nigeria flood with 1,100 deaths; Somalia drought affecting 6.5 million people1 |
| South Asia | monsoon floods and earthquakes | households, roads, health | Pakistan floods with more than 1,000 deaths1; Afghanistan earthquake11 |
| East Asia | floods and typhoons | cities, industry | northern China floods with USD 5.8 billion in losses1 |
| ASEAN | earthquakes, typhoons and cyclone floods | cities, coasts, power | Myanmar earthquake9; Philippines storms affecting more than 30 million people1 |
| Oceania-Pacific | cyclones, tsunami alerts and small island exposure | islands, ports | Pacific-wide alerts after the Kamchatka earthquake210; regional statistics (not bound) |
B.4Hazard card: the Caribbean track of Hurricane Melissa
- cyclone
- surge
- island
- cross-border
- Systems in view
- housing, hospitals, farms, roads, power
- Defining event
- category 5 landfall in Jamaica on 28 October 20256
- Couplings
- CLI → INF damage; INF → HLT hospital failure; CLI → FOO crop and herd loss
- Capability evidence
- pre-emptive evacuations in Cuba and a rapid damage estimate25
- Gaps
- indirect deaths; the more detailed damage and loss assessment
- Agenda items
- DR-01 · DR-02
Melissa was the strongest hurricane on record to make landfall in Jamaica, with 160 knot winds and an estimated minimum pressure of 897 millibars [6].
HAZARD
Intensity
Physical damage is USD 8.8 billion in the World Bank and IDB estimate and USD 12.2 billion in the National Hurricane Center report; both are put at 41% of 2024 GDP, so the percentage cannot be reconciled with both values [5] [6].
IMPACT
Estimates differ
Cuba recorded 735,000 evacuations before landfall, and Jamaica relatively few [2].
PREPAREDNESS
Evacuation outcomes
B.5How countries appear in the disaster and resilience edition
Countries enter the disaster edition through the disaster chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.
| Card field | What it shows | Source |
|---|---|---|
| WEFH+B state | each core system against peer distribution bands | national edition |
| Couplings | the national dependency matrix | national edition |
| Risk objects | the national risk portfolio | national edition |
| Capability rungs | the national capability ladder | national edition |
| Evidence age | oldest and newest source dates | national source register |
Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme
26national
countries and unions
10regional
clusters
16global
flagship and sector
20frontier
technology reports
How to read a country card
- Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist
- Couplings and risk objects come from the country’s own national edition
- Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions
- Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such
| Wave | Countries and unions | State |
|---|---|---|
| W0 | Canada | ISSUED |
| W1 | United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland | PLANNED |
| W2 | Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Türkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia | PLANNED |
B.6Licences
| Material | Licence |
|---|---|
| Text | CC BY 4.0 |
| Data | on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0 |
| Figures | Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited |
| Maps | boundary source and licence printed on each plate |
| Metadata | CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it |
| Third-party data, figures and text | The source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed |
| Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence. | |
B.7Formats and provenance
| Format | Kind | State | What it is | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web edition | HTML | On this site | Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source. | NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 |
| Print edition | At release | A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release. | NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | |
| Indicator data | CSV · JSON | On this site | 17 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release. | NR-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1 |
| Figures | SVG · PNG | On this site | 4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder. | FIG-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-* |
| Slides | Not recorded | No slide deck is recorded for this edition. | ||
| Evidence brief | HTML · PDF | Not recorded | No evidence brief is recorded for this edition. | |
| Dataset with DOI | DataCite | At release | Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet. |
Provenance
- Edition pack
- The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
- Evidence cut
- DC-SECTOR-DISASTER-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026
- Reproducibility
- sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
- Self-check
- 14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
- Review
- five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
- Publisher of record
- The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
- Corrections
- Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 1CRED (ed.), 2025 Disasters in numbers: Earth, Wind and Fire (EM-DAT annual report, reference date 17 March 2026). Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, Brussels. Observation year 2025 (with 2005 to 2024 annual averages). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 4Swiss Re Institute (ed.), Wildfires, storms, floods contribute to record 92% of global insured losses in 2025 (press release on sigma 1/2026, 19 March 2026; the sigma study itself was not opened). Swiss Re, Zurich. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2IDMC (ed.), Global Report on Internal Displacement 2026 (summary and full report, 12 May 2026). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 3WMO (ed.), Early warning systems reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (press release on the UNDRR and WMO Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, 12 November 2025; the full report was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank (eds.), World Bank, IDB estimate Hurricane Melissa damage to Jamaica totals all-time high of US$8.8 billion (press release on the Global Rapid Damage Estimation, 19 November 2025). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 6NOAA National Hurricane Center (ed.), Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Melissa (revised version, damage cost updated to 26 March 2026). National Hurricane Center, Miami. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 14Ballester, J. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022, Nature Medicine 29, 1857 to 1866, 2023 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 15Gallo, E. et al., Heat-related mortality in Europe during 2023 and the role of adaptation in protecting health, Nature Medicine 30, 3101 to 3105, 2024 (abstract opened). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16Rentschler, J., Salhab, M. and Jafino, B.A., Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries, Nature Communications 13, 3527, 2022 (open-access full text). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 13Hallegatte, S., Rentschler, J. and Rozenberg, J., Lifelines: The Resilient Infrastructure Opportunity. World Bank, Washington, 2019. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 23Copernicus Climate Change Service (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025 (full report). ECMWF for the European Commission, Reading. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 9US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 7.7, 2025 Mandalay, Burma (Myanmar) earthquake, 28 March 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 8.8, 2025 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia earthquake, 29 July 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 11US Geological Survey (ed.), Event record M 6.0, near Asadabad, Afghanistan, 31 August 2025 (earthquake catalogue interface). USGS, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 12Hallegatte, S., Vogt-Schilb, A., Bangalore, M. and Rozenberg, J., Unbreakable: Building the Resilience of the Poor in the Face of Natural Disasters. World Bank, Washington, 2017. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 8WHO (ed.), Heat and health, fact sheet (version of 31 July 2026). World Health Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022 (estimates for 2000 to 2019 and summer 2022). Accessed 2026-11-03.back