1. A Tectonic Process Millions of Years in the Making
- Africa is being pulled apart by tectonic forces along the East African Rift System (EARS), which stretches over 3,000 kilometers through countries like Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique.
- Over the next 50 million years, the rift will gradually widen, splitting the Somali plate from the Nubian plate and creating a new ocean, making Africa smaller and forming a large new island in the Indian Ocean.
2. The Role of the East African Rift in Splitting Africa
- EARS is an active rift zone, where the Earth’s lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is slowly pulling apart due to underlying mantle plumes—upwellings of hot, molten material that weaken the crust and promote rifting.
- Rifting is not uniform; in the Afar region of Ethiopia, the lithosphere has almost thinned to the point of complete separation, with extensive volcanic activity signaling an imminent geological breakup.
3. Dramatic Surface Manifestations and Recent Seismic Activity
- In 2018, a sudden 65-foot-wide crack appeared in Kenya’s Rift Valley, raising questions about whether tectonic activity or soil erosion caused it. This incident sparked renewed public attention on the region’s geological activity.
- While most seismic events in the Rift Valley are low in magnitude, the gradual formation of new fissures and faults will continue, punctuated by occasional volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
- Motorway-splitting cracks like the one in Kenya reflect the slow but relentless movement of the Nubian and Somali plates, offering glimpses into Africa’s tectonic future.
4. How a New Ocean Will Form and Reshape Africa
- As the plates continue to drift apart, magma will fill the gaps between them, solidifying to form new oceanic crust—the same process that created the South Atlantic Ocean from the separation of South America and Africa over 138 million years ago.
- Over time, water from the Indian Ocean will flood into the rift, giving rise to Earth’s sixth ocean and transforming the Rift Valley into a marine environment. Countries currently far from the coast—like Malawi, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo—will gain shorelines.
5. Complex Forces Behind Tectonic Movement
- Plate tectonics are driven by convection currents in the Earth’s mantle and stress at plate boundaries. In the case of EARS, a mantle plume known as the African Superswell is responsible for doming the lithosphere upward, creating stress that pulls the plates apart.
- Continental rifting occurs in distinct phases, with areas like the southern Rift Valley showing early signs of extension, while northern regions like Afar are nearing the final stages of breakup.
6. The Long History of Continental Drift
- Africa’s future split is part of a broader geological pattern. The Earth’s continents have come together and split apart multiple times over hundreds of millions of years. The breakup of Pangaea, the supercontinent that existed 230 million years ago, resulted in the world as we know it today.
- Fossil evidence—such as remains of Cynognathus, an ancient mammal-like reptile found only in Africa and South America—proves that these continents were once joined.
A Slowly Unfolding Transformation
The split of Africa, while imperceptible on a human timescale, is a reminder that Earth is constantly evolving beneath the surface. The formation of a new ocean will alter geography, creating new coastlines and fundamentally changing the shape of Africa over the next 50 million years. The East African Rift System offers scientists a rare opportunity to observe the early stages of continental breakup and understand the forces driving tectonic change. As seismic activity and volcanic eruptions continue along the rift, these geological processes will push Africa toward a new configuration, leaving behind an island in the Indian Ocean and giving birth to Earth’s sixth ocean. While the timeline for this transformation spans millions of years, its impact will be profound, reshaping the continent and altering life on Earth for future generations. SourceAfrica is starting to split into two and form Earth's sixth's ocean - here's why - indy100
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The African continent preserves a long geological record that covers almost 75% of Earth's history. The Pan-African orogeny (c. 600-500 Ma) brought together old continental kernels (West Africa, Congo, Kalahari and Tanzania) to form Gondwana and subsequently the supercontinent Pangaea by the late Palaeozoic. The break-up of Pangaea since the Jurassic and Cretaceous, primarily through opening of the Central Atlantic, Indian, and South Atlantic oceans, in combination with the complicated...
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John Wiley & Sons. 2020
Life on our planet depends upon having a climate that changes within narrow limits – not too hot for the oceans to boil away nor too cold for the planet to freeze over. Over the past billion years Earth’s average temperature has stayed close to 14-15°C, oscillating between warm greenhouse states and cold icehouse states. We live with variation, but a variation with limits. Paleoclimatology is the science of understanding and explaining those variations, those limits, and the forces that...
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