GCRI · Masa Depan Pekerjaan dan Keterampilan
Transisi dari pendidikan ke pekerjaan
The move from education into stable, decent work shapes a young person’s earnings and wellbeing for years. Many young people face long searches, informal or temporary jobs, or neither work nor study. This page sets out how school-to-work transitions unfold and stall, how they are measured, and what evidence serves the education and labour authorities, employers and youth organisations involved.
Education to work transition in seven parts.
- 01PertanyaannyaEducation to work transition: how the risk develops
- 02Di seluruh domainTransitions into work depend on each domain’s demand for skills
- 03IndikatorApa yang diukur, dan seberapa baik
- 04SumberDari mana bukti berasal
- 05KeputusanSiapa yang memutuskan, dan apa yang dilayani bukti
- 06Pertanyaan intiWhat researchers ask about first transitions
- 07MekanismeWhy first steps matter
Education to work transition: how the risk develops.
Access and professional inclusion. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Skills mismatch slows entry
When education does not match employers’ needs, graduates struggle to find suitable work and employers report shortages at the same time.
Early setbacks scar
Unemployment early in a career lowers later earnings and employment, an effect known as scarring.
Work-based learning helps
Apprenticeships and internships linked to qualifications ease the transition by combining learning with real work.
Barriers differ by group
Young women, rural youth, young people with disabilities and those from poor households face longer transitions.
Konsol keterampilan dan keterpaparan.
Layar yang akan digunakan sebuah tim untuk mengikuti subjek ini: ukuran, status, dan keputusannya. Nama adalah contoh dan nilai bersifat ilustratif.
Konsol keterampilan dan keterpaparan
Education to work transition · Labour market A · Year 3
Pekerjaan menurut keterpaparan
| Dukungan administrasi | 59,359 | 0.8 | Pengganti | Operasi data |
| Operator mesin | 45,609 | 0.6 | Campuran | Pemeliharaan robot |
| Pekerja perawatan | 20,965 | 0.2 | Pelengkap | Tingkatkan keterampilan |
| Analis | 11,541 | 0.3 | Pelengkap | Tingkatkan keterampilan |
Lowongan menurut keterampilan
Jalur peningkatan keterampilan
- Nilaiprofil keterampilan
- Cocokperan sasaran
- Latih13 minggu
- Tempatpemberi kerja
- Tindak lanjut6 bulan
Transitions into work depend on each domain’s demand for skills.
Findings are designed for the seri Ringkasan Bukti. Pendidikan and occupation are coded with ISCED and ISCO for comparability.
- Graduate tracer studies.
- Apprenticeship evaluations.
How education to work transition is modelled, measured and tested.
Model, asumsi, data, dan ketidakpastiannya, dalam bentuk yang akan diperiksa ilmuwan atau insinyur. Strukturnya mengikuti metode yang dipublikasikan. Nilai yang digambar bersifat ilustratif, bukan temuan.
Model sistem
The couplings between the systems in education to work transition: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
Apa yang diukur, dan seberapa baik.
Setiap indikator membawa satuan, frekuensi, jenis sumber di baliknya, dan label bukti yang akan dibawa suatu nilai. Tidak ada nilai yang ditampilkan: sebuah program menyediakannya berdasarkan wewenangnya sendiri.
| Indikator | Unit | Kadensi | Jenis sumber | Label |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Youth not in employment, education or training | percent of youth | tahunan | Labour force surveys | Statistik terbitan |
| Youth unemployment rate | percent | setiap kuartal | Labour force surveys | Statistik terbitan |
| Time to first stable job | bulan | per survey | School-to-work transition surveys | DILAPORKAN |
| Apprenticeship participation | jumlah | tahunan | Apprenticeship registers | Statistik terbitan |
| Graduates in jobs matching their field | percent | per survey | Graduate tracer studies | DILAPORKAN |
| Informal employment among youth | percent | tahunan | Labour force surveys | Statistik terbitan |
Asal bukti.
Set data publik bernama dan catatan kelembagaan, masing-masing dengan kelas lisensinya. Sumber berdasarkan perjanjian hanya digunakan sesuai ketentuannya dan tidak pernah diterbitkan ulang.
| Sumber | Apa yang diberikannya | Kelas lisensi |
|---|---|---|
| ILO school-to-work transition surveys | Transitions of young people into work | Public, ILO terms |
| ILOSTAT youth labour market indicators | NEET, unemployment and informality | Terbuka, CC BY 4.0 |
| OECD Pendidikan at a Glance | Education and labour market outcomes | Public, OECD terms |
| Graduate tracer studies from universities and ministries | Employment of graduates | Licence per publisher |
| Cedefop work-based learning resources | Apprenticeship sistem in Europe | Public, EU terms |
Siapa yang memutuskan, dan apa yang dilayani bukti.
Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| Siapa yang memutuskan | Pertanyaannya | Bukti yang dilayani halaman ini |
|---|---|---|
| Pendidikan and labour ministries | How to strengthen transitions and work-based learning | Transition profiles; evaluations |
| Employers and sector bodies | How to offer apprenticeships and entry jobs | Mismatch and programme evidence |
| Organisasi pemuda | Which barriers to address | Group-specific evidence |
Keluaran yang dihasilkan topik ini
- Youth transition profiles by group
- Evaluations of apprenticeship and youth employment programmes
- Skills mismatch analyses
- Evidence notes for youth employment strategies
What researchers ask about first transitions.
- How long does it take young people to find stable work after leaving education, and how does that vary?
- Which education and training routes, such as apprenticeships, lead to good first jobs?
- What barriers do disadvantaged groups face in entering professions?
- How do early spells of unemployment affect later careers?
Why first steps matter.
Entering the labour market during a recession or after a long gap can reduce earnings for years, a scarring effect. Employers use qualifications and networks to screen applicants, which favours those with well-connected families. Unpaid internships and informal recruitment can exclude people who cannot afford to work for free or lack contacts.
Sistem that combine learning with work, such as apprenticeships and work-integrated learning, tend to ease transitions because they build skills employers value and connections to real jobs. But quality varies, and the occupations offered can reproduce gender and social divides.
Evidence on transitions.
- 01
Graduate and school-leaver tracking
Following cohorts into work, using ekonometrika. Response rates fall over time.
- 02
Evaluation of apprenticeships and programmes
Comparing outcomes across routes. Selection effects are hard to remove.
- 03
Audit studies
Testing for discrimination in hiring with matched applications, using ilmu sosial dan perilaku. Studies capture one stage of hiring.
- 04
Skills mismatch measures
Comparing qualifications and skills with job requirements, using ilmu ekonomi dan ekonomi pembangunan. Different measures give different answers.
Cara hal ini dikaji, dan apa yang tidak dapat dinyatakan metodenya.
- 01Ilmu sosial dan perilakuSurvei kualitas pekerjaan · Kajian dialog sosial · Riset pengalaman pelajarDiterapkan di sini
- 02EkonometrikaDampak perpindahan dengan data tertaut · Evaluasi program pelatihan · Proyeksi tenaga kerjaDiterapkan di sini
- 03Ilmu ekonomi dan ekonomi pembangunanAnalisis teknologi berbasis tugas · Lembaga pasar tenaga kerja · Ekonomi transisi yang adilDiterapkan di sini
Where this page’s references lead.
Badan dan dokumen yang menjadi acuan halaman ini. Status dan edisi berubah; setiap tautan menuju badan penerbitnya.
Tanya jawab.
What is a NEET?
What is scarring?
Do apprenticeships help young people find work?
What is labour market scarring?
Do apprenticeships work?
Does the platform run internship or graduate schemes?
What helps disadvantaged young people most?
How is professional inclusion measured?
Kontribusikan bukti dari halaman ini.
Laporan is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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Bawa metode, dataset, atau pertanyaan.
Informasi dan pertanyaan sudah terbuka hari ini. Sebuah pertanyaan menerima nomor referensi dan menyebutkan langkah berikutnya; lamaran, pembayaran, alokasi komputasi, dan pendaftaran hanya dibuka ketika tim, ketentuan, dan kapasitas tinjauannya tersedia.
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