Nexus Reports · The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation · Baseline Edition 2026

Nexus Country Systems Risk & Resilience Report

United States 2026

The state of the United States’ interdependent systems, water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, and the national risk portfolio at the 2026 baseline

Findings
12
each with its status and source
Sources
40
NR-CIT-1
Evidence close
30 September 2026
NQ-USA-2026-Q0-1
Status
Draft
in stewardship review

The record

The edition, its identifiers and its stewards.

NEXUS REPORTS USA Countries and unions United States Baseline Edition 2026 The state of the United States’ interdependent systems, water, energy, food, health and biodiversity, and the national risk portfolio at the 2026 baseline NR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 In stewardship review W1
Publication ID
NR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Series alias
NR-NAT-USA-2026-BL
Evidence cut
NQ-USA-2026-Q0-1
Evidence close
30 September 2026
DOI
concept and version DOI at deposit
Licence
CC BY 4.0 for Nexus material
  • Baseline Edition 2026
  • Edition 2026–2030
  • Public-safe edition
  • ◌ Draft in stewardship review
  1. TThe Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)Publisher of record · technical truth · US / Canada
  2. MThe Global Risk Forum (GRF)Public meaning · legitimacy · Switzerland
  3. FThe Global Risk Alliance (GRA)Capital meaning · finance readiness · United States

About this edition

What this edition is, and is not.

The first annual edition of the United States report. It fixes the 2026 reference state, the model, the voice and the positions against which every quarterly edition from Q1 2027 will be measured.

What this edition is

A baseline: the state of the United States’ water, energy, food, health and biodiversity systems in 2026, the dependencies between them, the risks that travel through them and the capabilities that hold them. It sets the questions the operational series will answer.

What it is not

Not a national risk assessment, an official warning or a rating. It decides nothing about any agency, state, utility or company. Competent federal, state, tribal and local authorities keep every mandate they hold, and national ownership is unaffected.

What comes next

Q1 2027 opens the operational series with a sealed Foundry evidence cut. Each later edition reports what changed against this baseline, new observations, source revisions, method changes, scenario updates and corrections.

Abstract and decision surface

The edition on one page.

Abstract

The United States enters 2027 as the country carrying the largest share of the world’s recorded disaster losses. North America accounted for US$133 billion of the US$224 billion in global natural-disaster losses in 2025, about 70% of it insured, led by the Los Angeles wildfires at about US$53 billion [2]. There were 27 billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in 2024 [15], and the contiguous United States has warmed about 1.4 °C since 1970, faster than the global average [3]. Gross greenhouse-gas emissions were 6,343 Mt CO₂e in 2022; net emissions were about 17% below 2005 [1]. Data centres used about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023, with 6.7–12% projected for 2028 [6], and heat-related deaths reached a record 2,325 in 2023 [9]. This Baseline Edition fixes the reference state for the five core systems, maps the dependencies through which shocks travel between them, and sets the questions the first operational edition will answer in Q1 2027. It ranks nothing and decides nothing.

  • systemic risk
  • WEFH+B nexus
  • United States
  • baseline 2026
  • wildfire
  • grid reliability
  • insurance availability

Headline finding

North America carried US$133 billion of the US$224 billion in global natural-disaster losses in 2025; about US$93 billion, roughly 70%, was insured.

Headline figureNorth American disaster losses, 2025 (US$ billion)
Insured93Uninsured40

Source: Munich Re NatCatSERVICE 2025 [2]; uninsured = overall − insured.

Implication

High insured shares can hide a growing gap at the margins. Where premiums rise and insurers withdraw, uninsured losses concentrate among households least able to bear them and shift onto state and federal budgets [21] [40].

At a glance

Six readings and the questions this edition answers.

Six readings that frame the baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.

340.1millionpopulation, 2024 [4]
1.4°Cwarming since 1970 [3]
6,343Mt CO₂egross emissions, 2022 [1]
≈43%electricity from natural gas [5]
50mineralson the critical list [12]
27eventsbillion-dollar disasters, 2024 [15]
  1. Where do emissions stand?

    Gross emissions were 6,343 Mt CO₂e in 2022; net emissions about 17% below 2005. [1]

    REPORTED

  2. Are disaster losses rising?

    27 billion-dollar disasters in 2024; the 2025 Los Angeles fires were the costliest wildfire on record. [2] [15]

    REPORTED

  3. Who carries the losses?

    About 70% of 2025 North American losses were insured, but cover is retreating where risk is highest. [2] [21]

    REPORTED

  4. Which hazard couples the most systems?

    Heat with drought and fire, through grids, water, health and insurance. [3] [9] [31]

    INFERRED

  5. How exposed is the grid?

    Winter Storm Uri in 2021 showed cold can fail power, water and health together; summer peaks now add data-centre load. [6] [16] [31]

    REPORTED

  6. Where is water tightest?

    The Colorado River basin, under its first shortage since 2021, and the depleting High Plains aquifer. [8] [7]

    REPORTED

  7. How is nature faring?

    About 40% of animal species and 34% of plants are at risk of extinction. [10]

    REPORTED

  8. What will Q1 2027 test first?

    The Western heat–fire–grid pathway into health, water and insurance. SCN-USA-HFG-01

    EXPERT INPUT

Systems dashboard

Where each system stood at evidence close.

WATWater

Total freshwater and saline withdrawals

322bn gal/day

Thermoelectric power took 41% and irrigation 37%.

REPORTED2015USGS [7]

ENEEnergy

Data centres’ share of US electricity

4.4%

6.7–12% projected for 2028.

REPORTED2023LBNL [6]

FOOFood

Households food insecure

13.5%

about 18 million households in 2023.

REPORTED2023USDA ERS [11]

HLTHealth

Heat-related deaths

2,325deaths

a record; heat deaths rose sharply after 2016.

REPORTED2023JAMA [9]

BIOBiodiversity

Animal species at risk of extinction

40%

and 34% of plant species.

REPORTED2023NatureServe [10]

SYSCross-system

North American disaster losses · insured

133 · 93US$ bn

led by the Los Angeles wildfires at about US$53 billion.

REPORTED2025Munich Re [2]

Place · The contiguous United States

Where this edition's evidence sits.

A live context map of satellite and model layers for the territory. Context for the findings, never a value the edition asserts; where the layers cannot load, the base map and its note stay.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 3

Hazards and exposure

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

Flood water, active fires and surface heat beside population and night-time lights, framed on the contiguous United States.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · U.S. Geological SurveySources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), VIIRS 375 m active fire product, NASA LANCE; vector tiles via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
  • Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
  • Live: U.S. Geological Survey Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.
  • Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Optional layers (10 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026
  • Active fires and thermal anomalies, last day: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Oct 2026
  • Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
  • Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
  • Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026

Static base: the live map shows here when its map library and satellite tiles can load. Natural Earth land at 110m with the editions marked; filled marks are drafted editions, rings are editions in preparation.

Key findings

12 findings, grouped by system, never ranked.

Twelve findings carry the baseline. They are grouped by system, never ranked. Each resolves to its source or, where Nexus analysis is involved, to its stated method.

StatusREPORTEDEXPERT INPUT

CLIClimate forcing

  1. Gross greenhouse-gas emissions were 6,343 Mt CO₂e in 2022; net emissions were about 17% below 2005. [1]

  2. The contiguous United States has warmed about 1.4 °C since 1970, faster than the global average. [3]

  3. There were 27 billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in 2024, after a record 28 in 2023. [15]

FINFinance

  1. North America carried US$133 billion of 2025’s US$224 billion in global disaster losses; about US$93 billion was insured. [2]

  2. The January 2025 Los Angeles wildfires caused about US$53 billion in losses, US$40 billion insured, the costliest wildfire disaster on record. [2]

ENEEnergy

  1. Data centres used about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023, with 6.7–12% projected for 2028. [6]

WATWater

  1. Water withdrawals were about 322 billion gallons a day in 2015; thermoelectric power took 41% and irrigation 37%. [7]

  2. The first-ever shortage on the Colorado River was declared in August 2021 for the lower basin. [8]

HLTHealth

  1. Heat-related deaths reached a record 2,325 in 2023. [9]

FOOFood

  1. 13.5% of US households were food insecure in 2023. [11]

BIOBiodiversity

  1. About 40% of animal species and 34% of plant species in the United States are at risk of extinction. [10]

SYSSystemic

  1. The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing runs from Western heat and drought through wildfire and grid stress into health, water and insurance availability. §9.3

Part I · lead chapter

America’s risk is coupled, not cumulative

The United States records more disaster losses than any other country, and it usually reports them one event at a time. This baseline reads the record as a coupled system. In 2025 North America carried US$133 billion of the world’s US$224 billion in natural-disaster losses; the Los Angeles wildfires alone caused about US$53 billion, the costliest wildfire disaster on record [2].

Frequency now drives the record. There were 27 billion-dollar weather and climate disasters in 2024, after a record 28 in 2023 [15]. The Fifth National Climate Assessment found that such events, once roughly one every four months in the 1980s, now occur about every three weeks, and that the contiguous United States has warmed about 1.4 °C since 1970, faster than the global average [3].

Insurance has absorbed most of these losses, about 70% in North America in 2025 [2], but cover is retreating where risk is highest. Premiums and non-renewals have risen fastest in the most exposed ZIP codes [21], and flood risk remains largely outside private cover [40]. Where insurance withdraws, losses move onto households, states and federal assistance.

The energy system couples most of the others. Winter Storm Uri in February 2021 failed large parts of the Texas grid; water systems lost pressure and the state recorded 246 storm-related deaths [16] [31]. Summer peaks now add data-centre load: data centres used about 4.4% of US electricity in 2023, with 6.7–12% projected for 2028 [6].

Water is tight where growth is fastest. The first-ever shortage on the Colorado River was declared in 2021 [8], thermoelectric power and irrigation take most withdrawals [7], and heat-related deaths reached a record 2,325 in 2023 [9]. About 40% of the country’s animal species are at risk of extinction [10].

This edition therefore treats American risk as a property of couplings, between heat, grids, water, health and insurance, rather than a list of separate hazards. The matrix, risk objects, capability ladder and scenario that follow ask where a shock travels next and who holds the capability to stop it.

FIG. 1.3 · FIG-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-01-003Where does America’s water go? Withdrawals by use, 2015 (% of total)
Thermoelectric power41Irrigation37Public supply12Self-supplied industry5All other uses5

Power plants and farms take almost four-fifths of withdrawals. Drought and heat therefore reach electricity and food before they reach household taps [7].

322bn gal/daytotal withdrawals, 2015 [7]
4.4%electricity used by data centres, 2023 [6]
13.5%households food insecure, 2023 [11]
2021firstColorado River shortage [8]

Dependency network

Twenty couplings between five systems.

The United States matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core systems. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the starting graph that the Q1 2027 Foundry cut will test.

Select a system

Each line is one coupling, weighted by the strength the edition assigns. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events.

From (row) to (column) · ◆ ESTIMATED
WATENEFOOHLTBIO
WAT Water·STRONGthermoelectric cooling · hydroSTRONGirrigation · rain-fed yieldMODERATEdrinking waterSTRONGflows · wetlands
ENE EnergyMODERATEpumping · treatment·STRONGfuel · fertiliser · cold chainSTRONGfacility power · coolingMODERATEreservoirs · land use
FOO FoodMODERATEwithdrawals · nutrientsWEAKbiofuel feedstock·STRONGnutrition · food safetySTRONGland conversion
HLT HealthWEAKworkforceWEAKworkforceMODERATElabour · disease·WEAKresidues
BIO BiodiversitySTRONGregulation · filtrationMODERATEfire on lines · biomassSTRONGpollination · soilsMODERATEzoonoses · smoke·

Transmission paths

  1. ENE → WAT → HLTcold or heat fails the grid; water pressure and care settings fail with itREPORTED Winter Storm Uri, 2021 [16]
  2. CLI → BIO → HLTwildfire smoke loads health services far from the fireREPORTED 2023 smoke events
  3. CLI → FINwildfire and hurricane losses drive insurance retreatREPORTED 2025 Los Angeles fires [2]
  4. WAT → FOOaquifer decline and drought cut irrigated productionINFERRED High Plains aquifer
  5. AIC → ENEdata-centre load narrows reliability margins in extremesINFERRED growth to 2028 [6]

Reinforcing loops · both directions rated strong

  1. WAT ⇄ BIOWater to biodiversity: flows · wetlands. Biodiversity to water: regulation · filtration.ESTIMATED in 10 of 10 drafted editions
  2. FOO ⇄ BIOFood to biodiversity: land conversion. Biodiversity to food: pollination · soils.ESTIMATED in 10 of 10 drafted editions

A shock entering either system of a loop returns amplified through the other. A causal-loop reading of the matrix (Sterman, Business Dynamics, 2000): structural, from estimated strengths, not a measured feedback.

Domain posture

Each domain read in words, not scored.

Each of the twelve coupled domains is read in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries risk into other systems.

DomainPosture at baselineCouplingStatus
WATAmple in the East, tight in the West; Colorado River under shortage; major aquifers depleting.WAT → ENE cooling · WAT → FOO irrigationREPORTEDEQL 4
ENEGas-led power with growing renewables; reliability stressed in extremes; data-centre load rising.ENE ↔ WAT · ENE → HLTREPORTEDEQL 4
FOOA leading producer and exporter; 13.5% of households food insecure in 2023.FOO ← WAT, ENE · FOO → TRDREPORTEDEQL 4
HLTRecord heat deaths in 2023; smoke and storms load health services.HLT ← CLI, ENEREPORTEDEQL 4
BIOAbout 40% of animal species at risk; wildfire and land use the fastest pressures.BIO → WAT · BIO ← fireREPORTEDEQL 3
CLIWarming faster than the global average; billion-dollar disasters every three weeks.forcing on all five systemsREPORTEDEQL 5
INFAgeing grids, water systems and roads; critical functions defined nationally.INF → ENE, WAT, HLTINFERREDEQL 3
FINLargest insured losses in the world; cover retreating in high-risk areas.FIN ← CLI · FIN → households, statesREPORTEDEQL 4
DATCloud and data-centre hub of the world economy; cyber exposure of utilities.DAT → ENE, HLT, FININFERREDEQL 3
AICData centres about 4.4% of electricity in 2023 and rising.AIC → ENE, WATREPORTEDEQL 4
MIN50 minerals on the critical list; import reliance for many.MIN → ENE, AICREPORTEDEQL 3
TRDTariff changes in 2025 reshape supply chains and prices.TRD → all sectorsINFERREDEQL 3

Sector screens

All sixteen sectors are screened on the same grammar, so that later editions can say what changed. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.

CodeSectorBaseline evidenceExposure to watchEvidence coverage
GS-00Cross-systemcoupled losses across perils [2] [15]compound heat–fire–grid summersPARTIAL
GS-01WaterWestern shortage; aquifer depletion [7] [8]drought; allocation conflictPARTIAL
GS-02Energygas-led mix; new load from data centres [5] [6]heat and cold extremesGOOD
GS-03Foodleading producer [22]drought; aquifer declineGOOD
GS-04Healthrecord heat deaths, 2023 [9]heat and smoke surgesPARTIAL
GS-05Financelargest insured losses [2]insurance retreat [21]GOOD
GS-06Developmentfood insecurity 13.5% of households [11]uneven recovery capacityPARTIAL
GS-07Climatewarming faster than global average [3]extremes of heat, rain and fireGOOD
GS-08Disaster27 billion-dollar events, 2024 [15]frequency of medium eventsGOOD
GS-09Infrastructurecritical functions defined [18]ageing assetsPARTIAL
GS-10Citiesgrowth in hot and dry metrosheat and water stressPARTIAL
GS-11Biodiversity40% of animal species at risk [10]fire and land usePARTIAL
GS-12Earth observationstrong federal observation programmescontinuity of missionsPARTIAL
GS-13Cyber and digitalcritical-infrastructure guidance [19]attacks on utilitiesPARTIAL
GS-14Policymajor infrastructure and energy laws [28] [29]policy change since 2025PARTIAL
GS-15Sciencedeep research basetranslation into operationsTHIN

Risk portfolio

Risk objects, read across the chain.

Four risk objects open the portfolio. Order carries no rank. Each is read across driver, exposure, vulnerability, capacity, cascade and consequence.

REPORTEDEQL 4RSK-USA-CLI-001

Wildfire at the urban edge, with insurance retreat

Driver
heat, drought and wind; longer fire seasons
Exposure
wildland–urban interface communities
Vulnerability
rising premiums and non-renewals [21]
Capacity
fire services; building codes; residual insurers
Cascade
CLI → BIO → HLT · CLI → FIN
Horizon
seasonal · 1 and 5 years

REPORTEDEQL 4RSK-USA-ENE-002

Grid failure in heat or cold extremes

Driver
extreme heat and cold; new load growth
Exposure
regions with thin reserve margins [32]
Vulnerability
winterisation gaps; gas–power interdependence [31]
Capacity
interconnection; demand response; storage
Cascade
ENE → WAT → HLT
Horizon
seasonal

REPORTEDEQL 4RSK-USA-WAT-003

Western drought and Colorado River shortage

Driver
low flows; heat; over-allocation
Exposure
cities, farms and hydropower of the Southwest
Vulnerability
reservoirs near minimum levels
Capacity
shortage rules; conservation; groundwater
Cascade
WAT → ENE, FOO, cities
Horizon
1–5 years

REPORTEDEQL 3RSK-USA-CLI-004

Compound hurricane, surge and inland flooding

Driver
warmer oceans; heavier rainfall
Exposure
Gulf and Atlantic coasts; inland river valleys
Vulnerability
low flood-insurance take-up [40]
Capacity
forecasting and evacuation; flood insurance
Cascade
CLI → INF → ENE, HLT, FIN
Horizon
annual

Capability ladder

Existence is not readiness.

Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence at baseline.

  1. Prevention and mitigationEXISTSbuilding codes and land-use rules vary by state and locality
  2. Monitoring and observationDEMONSTRATEDnational weather, water and Earth-observation programmes in continuous use
  3. Early warningDEMONSTRATEDNational Weather Service warnings and wireless alerts in real events
  4. Preparedness and planningEXISTSnational preparedness reporting [20]; national risk index [14]
  5. Redundancy and reservesEXISTSstrategic reserves for some commodities; grid reserve margins thin in places [32]
  6. ResponseDEMONSTRATEDfederal, state and local response in major disasters
  7. Continuity of critical servicesEXISTScritical functions defined [18]; 2021 grid failure showed gaps [31]
  8. RecoveryEXISTSfederal disaster assistance and state programmes
  9. AdaptationEXISTSinfrastructure investment law of 2021 [28]
  10. Social protectionEXISTSincome and food assistance programmes
  11. Finance and insuranceEXISTSdeep private markets; flood cover largely public [40]
  12. Institutional coordinationEXISTSfederal–state–tribal frameworks, tested event by event
  13. Technical infrastructureEXISTSageing assets across water, power and transport
  14. WorkforceEXISTSemergency and health workforce pressures documented
  15. Research capacityADEQUATEnational laboratories and universities; translation uneven

Ladder: LISTED, EXISTS, DEMONSTRATED, TESTED. A capability listed in policy is not a tested one; each rung is the strongest public evidence at baseline.

Scenario · SCN-USA-HFG-01

Western heat, fire and grid summer

A conditional statement under stated assumptions, never a prediction.

Assumptions

Baseline
the 2026 reference state in this edition
Drivers
a second dry winter in the West; a multi-day heat dome; an early and intense fire season during peak demand
Analogues
2020 California rotating outages; 2021 Pacific Northwest heat dome; 2025 Los Angeles fires
Interventions
none modelled, the specification describes the unmitigated case
Run state
narrative specification; quantified Foundry run scheduled for Q1 2027

Cascade, step by step

  1. 1CLI → WATheat and low flows cut reservoir and hydro output2021–2022
  2. 2CLI → ENEpeak demand meets thin reserves; emergency alerts2020 California
  3. 3CLI → HLTheat deaths and emergency visits rise2021 heat dome
  4. 4BIO → HLTwildfire smoke over large cities2020 · 2023
  5. 5ENE → INFpublic-safety power shut-offs to prevent ignitionCalifornia
  6. 6CLI → FINinsured losses and further non-renewals2025 [2]

Western heat, fire and grid summer

How the shock in scenario SCN-USA-HFG-01 would travel through United States's coupled systems, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.

Western heat, fire and grid summerHow the shock in scenario SCN-USA-HFG-01 would travel through United States's coupled systems, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.

Heat and low flows cut reservoir and hydro output. Analogue or source: 2021–2022. Edition USA, scenario SCN-USA-HFG-01, step 1

The cascade of scenario SCN-USA-HFG-01 as a playable chain of couplings, one step at a time.

A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition's stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning.

Sources: United States 2026, scenario SCN-USA-HFG-01 (2026); United States 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).

Three lenses

One edition, read by each steward.

The baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument.

GCRI · KEY T

Technical Truth

The evidence supports a coupled reading of American risk. Losses are rising with frequency; the grid couples heat and cold to water and health; and insurance is retreating where risk is highest. Evidence is strongest for losses and emissions, and weakest for state-level insurance availability and cross-system dependencies.

FIN-002 · FIN-003 · ENE-006 · SYS-012

GRF · KEY M

Public Meaning

For most Americans risk arrives as a smoke-filled summer, a power cut in a heat wave or a non-renewed home policy. The baseline asks that these be read as one system, and that public debate weigh who carries the losses insurance no longer covers.

HLT-009 · FIN-003 · CLI-005

GRA · KEY F

Capital Meaning

Readiness implications only. The world’s largest insured losses, a retreating homeowners market [21] and large flood exposure outside private cover [40] show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.

FIN-002 · FIN-003

NEXUS

Nexus Synthesis

The United States is deeply observed and unevenly protected. The 2027 programme should test the Western heat–fire–grid pathway, map insurance availability by state and peril, and measure reliability margins as data-centre load grows.

SYS-012 · A-01 · A-02 · A-03

The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation reading

Model card, National Model v0

Model ID
MDL-USA-NATIONAL · v0.1
Purpose
represent the United States as coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity systems with forcing and transmission layers
Family
graph-based system of systems
Inputs
the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data
Method
expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG · MODERATE · WEAK) from evidence and analogue events
Validation
none yet, first validation against Q1 2027 Foundry evidence
Uncertainty
qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements
Domain of validity
national scale; not for state or asset-level use
Reproducibility
strength table and sources published in this edition
20couplingstyped in v0
9strongdocumented within one season
7moderatedocumented, buffered
4weakplausible, undocumented

2027 agenda

The questions the operational series will answer.

Eight bounded questions open the 2027 National Agenda. Each comes from a baseline finding, names the initiative that will carry it and the first output due at the Q1 2027 cut.

  1. A-01

    How would a Western summer of heat, drought and wildfire load the grid, water supply, health services and insurance at the same time?

    INI-USA-HFG-01 · Western heat–fire–grid · first output: dependency graph for three regions

  2. A-02

    Where is homeowners insurance retreating under wildfire, hurricane and flood risk, and where do the uninsured losses land?

    INI-USA-FIN-02 · insurance availability · first output: state-by-peril availability table

  3. A-03

    How much reliability margin remains when data-centre load grows during heat and cold extremes?

    INI-USA-ENE-03 · load and reliability · first output: margin analysis for five regions

  4. A-04

    How much food production depends on the depleting High Plains and Central Valley aquifers?

    INI-USA-WAT-04 · aquifer dependence · first output: aquifer–crop dependence register

  5. A-05

    What health-system surge capacity exists for record heat in large southern and western cities?

    INI-USA-HLT-05 · heat surge readiness · first output: surge baseline for ten metro areas

  6. A-06

    How will Colorado River allocation after 2026 couple to cities, farms and hydropower?

    with GS-01 Water · first output: basin scenario note

  7. A-07

    How exposed are coastal communities to compound hurricane, surge and inland flooding?

    to be admitted in Q1 2027 · first output: scoping note

  8. A-08

    Which capabilities have been tested in real events, and which are only documented?

    national capability register · first output: rung evidence for 15 functions

Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment

Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for admission at the Q1 2027 alignment. They are programme objects, no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.

IDObjectKindQuestionState
INI-USA-HFG-01Western heat–fire–grid dependency modelInitiativeA-01PROPOSED
INI-USA-FIN-02Insurance availability by state and perilInitiativeA-02PROPOSED
INI-USA-ENE-03Load growth and reliability marginsInitiativeA-03PROPOSED
INI-USA-WAT-04Aquifer dependence of food productionInitiativeA-04PROPOSED
INI-USA-HLT-05Heat surge readiness in large metrosInitiativeA-05PROPOSED
MSN-USA-2027-01Western heat–fire–grid Universe missionMissionA-01CANDIDATE

The pathway

Nexus United States is the national pathway through which the Nexus operating system will run from 2027. At baseline the pathway is designed and its records are prepared; its councils and working groups are constituted from Q1 2027. This page states what exists today and what comes next, nothing more.

  1. One National Agenda

    bounded national questions for the year

    DRAFT 2027 · agenda review at the Q1 alignment

  2. National Desk

    coordination, records, routing and continuity

    DESIGNED · constituted in Q1 2027

  3. National Model

    the country as a system of systems

    v0 SPECIFIED · v1 with the first Foundry cut

  4. National Portfolio

    risks, capabilities, initiatives, projects, missions

    7 PROPOSED · admission at the Q1 alignment

  5. Nexus Foundry

    continuous computational environment

    PREPARED · first sealed cut NQ-USA-2027-Q1

  6. Nexus Reports

    quarterly and annual publication

    BASELINE ISSUED · Q1 2027 · State & Agenda

  7. Nexus Universe

    annual proving environment

    CANDIDATE MISSION · mandate set in 2027

  8. Evidence and correction

    after-action, correction and renewal

    OPEN · first correction cycle in Q2 2027

System chapter

Water, the baseline system chapter

America’s water is ample in total and tight where growth is fastest. Power plants and farms take most withdrawals, and the West is in structural shortage.

322bn gal/daywithdrawals, 2015 [7]
41%for thermoelectric power [7]
2021firstColorado River shortage [8]

State at baseline

ComponentStateEvidenceStatus
Withdrawalsthermoelectric 41%, irrigation 37%, public supply 12%[7]REPORTED
Western shortagefirst Colorado River shortage declared in 2021[8]REPORTED
GroundwaterHigh Plains and Central Valley depletion[7]INFERRED
Droughttracked weekly nationwide[17]REPORTED
Service accesstribal and rural gaps not consolidated, EXPERT INPUT

Couplings into other systems

  • WAT → ENE cooling and hydro
  • WAT → FOO irrigation
  • WAT → HLT drinking water
  • BIO → WAT watershed regulation

Evidence to bind in 2027

  • aquifer levels and recharge
  • post-2026 Colorado allocation
  • tribal water access
  • REG-NAM North America
  • GLB Global Systems
  • GS-01 Water
  • GS-02 Energy
  • GS-05 Finance
  • XT-01 AI

System chapter

Energy, the baseline system chapter

A gas-led electricity system with growing renewables faces two pressures at once: extremes of heat and cold, and fast new load from data centres.

≈43%electricity from natural gas [5]
4.4%used by data centres, 2023 [6]
246deathsWinter Storm Uri, Texas [16]

State at baseline

ComponentStateEvidenceStatus
Generation mixgas about 43%, nuclear about 18%, growing renewables[5]REPORTED
Reliabilityreserve margins thin in some regions[32]REPORTED
Extremes2021 cold-weather failures across Texas and the South Central US[31]REPORTED
New loaddata centres 4.4% in 2023, 6.7–12% projected for 2028[6]REPORTED
Policyclean-energy credits amended in 2025[29]REPORTED

Couplings into other systems

  • ENE → WAT pumping and treatment
  • ENE → HLT cooling and care
  • AIC → ENE data-centre load

Evidence to bind in 2027

  • reliability margins under compound heat
  • gas–power interdependence in winter
  • REG-NAM North America
  • GLB Global Systems
  • GS-01 Water
  • GS-02 Energy
  • GS-05 Finance
  • XT-01 AI

System chapter

Food and agrifood, the baseline system chapter

The United States is one of the world’s largest food producers and exporters, yet 13.5% of its households were food insecure in 2023.

13.5%households food insecure, 2023 [11]
37%of withdrawals for irrigation [7]
2022censusof agriculture [22]

State at baseline

ComponentStateEvidenceStatus
Productionlarge grain, oilseed and livestock output[22]REPORTED
Irrigationdepends on depleting aquifers in key regions[7]INFERRED
Access13.5% of households food insecure[11]REPORTED
Tradeexport markets exposed to tariff changes, INFERRED
DroughtPlains and Western production exposed[17]REPORTED

Couplings into other systems

  • WAT → FOO irrigation
  • ENE → FOO inputs and cold chain
  • FOO → TRD exports
  • FOO → HLT nutrition

Evidence to bind in 2027

  • aquifer dependence of production
  • food access after disasters
  • REG-NAM North America
  • GLB Global Systems
  • GS-01 Water
  • GS-02 Energy
  • GS-05 Finance
  • XT-01 AI

System chapter

Health and One Health, the baseline system chapter

Heat is the fastest-growing climate–health risk. Grid failures turn weather into health emergencies, and smoke reaches cities far from fire.

2,325deathsheat-related, 2023 [9]
246deathsWinter Storm Uri, Texas, 2021 [16]
2023recordheat mortality year [9]

State at baseline

ComponentStateEvidenceStatus
Heatrecord heat deaths in 2023[9]REPORTED
Cold and outagesdeaths in the 2021 Texas grid failure[16]REPORTED
Smokewildfire smoke over large cities[3]REPORTED
Surge capacitynot consolidated nationally, EXPERT INPUT
One Healthzoonotic risks tracked by federal agencies[3]INFERRED

Couplings into other systems

  • CLI → HLT heat and smoke
  • ENE → HLT power for care and cooling
  • FOO → HLT nutrition

Evidence to bind in 2027

  • heat surge capacity in large metros
  • cooling access for at-risk households
  • REG-NAM North America
  • GLB Global Systems
  • GS-01 Water
  • GS-02 Energy
  • GS-05 Finance
  • XT-01 AI

System chapter

Biodiversity and ecosystems, the baseline system chapter

Many of the country’s species are at risk, and wildfire, land use and water stress are the fastest-changing pressures.

40%of animal species at risk [10]
34%of plant species at risk [10]
2025recordcostliest wildfire disaster [2]

State at baseline

ComponentStateEvidenceStatus
Speciesabout 40% of animal species at risk of extinction[10]REPORTED
Plantsabout 34% of plant species at risk[10]REPORTED
Firelarger and more destructive fires in the West[3]REPORTED
Freshwaterriver and wetland ecosystems under water stress[3]INFERRED
Serviceswatershed regulation, pollination, carbon storage[26]INFERRED

Couplings into other systems

  • BIO → WAT watershed regulation
  • BIO → FOO pollination
  • CLI → BIO fire and heat

Evidence to bind in 2027

  • ecosystem condition indicators
  • species trends by region
  • REG-NAM North America
  • GLB Global Systems
  • GS-01 Water
  • GS-02 Energy
  • GS-05 Finance
  • XT-01 AI

Process

How this edition is made, released and corrected.

Press play to run the release step by step in the five pillar lanes; select a step to read it.

How one quarterly edition reaches the open record

Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to Nexus Standards as change proposals and feed the next cut.

How one quarterly edition reaches the open recordEvery edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to Nexus Standards as change proposals and feed the next cut.

Nexus Foundry seals observations and indicator series, Nexus Universe hands over after-action and scenario findings, and contributions are screened at every gateway, including this site's.

The quarterly release in the five pillar lanes: what Foundry and Universe hand to Reports, what Reports seals, reviews, signs, deposits and publishes, and what returns to Standards.

A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record.

Sources: Nexus Reports governance at GCRI Canada (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Nexus Reports deposits (2026).

How a contribution reaches this edition, step by step, is on the contribute page and the front page of this site. Contribute

Open science

This edition's open record.

Identifiers, licences and the bundle at deposit; credit by ORCID, ROR and CRediT; the open indexes; and a deposit prefilled for a contribution to this edition.

This edition's open record

Publication ID
NR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Series alias
NR-NAT-USA-2026-BL
DOI
Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata
Versions
Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest
Bundle
RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest
Licence
CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for Nexus material; metadata CC0 1.0

Credit and identity

ORCID
Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
ROR
Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone
CRediT
Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing, review and editing
Account
None needed to contribute; never a password

Find and follow

Search the open indexes for United States; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.

Mirrors and harvest

The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.

InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on United States, prefilled from this page
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Outputs

This edition in every format, with where it came from.

What is on this site now, what ships with the signed bundle at release, and what is not recorded for this edition; then the chain the outputs come from and how to cite each one.

FormatStateWhat it isIdentifier
Web editionHTMLOn this siteDraft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.NR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Print editionPDFAt releaseA4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.NR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Indicator dataCSV · JSONOn this site18 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.NR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE data release v1
FiguresSVG · PNGOn this site4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.FIG-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-*
SlidesPDFNot recordedNo slide deck is recorded for this edition.
Evidence briefHTML · PDFNot recordedNo evidence brief is recorded for this edition.
Dataset with DOIDataCiteAt releaseConcept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.

Provenance

Edition pack
data/editions/USA.json, the content pack the print and web editions are built from
Evidence cut
NQ-USA-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026
Reproducibility
sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
Self-check
14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
Review
five passes scheduled before release
Publisher of record
GCRI for the Nexus Consortium
Corrections
Nexus Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version

Cite it

NR-CIT-1
S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Nexus United States Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition: The State of the United States’ Interdependent Systems. Nexus Reports series · Edition 2026–2030 · Baseline Edition 2026 · v1.0.0 · GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026 · NR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 · DOI at deposit
Short citation
Valadbaygi (ed.), Nexus United States Report 2026, Baseline Edition, NR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE.
A finding
S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Nexus United States Report 2026, Baseline Edition, finding NRF-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001, v1.0.0.
A figure
S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Nexus United States Report 2026, Baseline Edition, Figure n.m (FIG-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-CH-NNN), v1.0.0.
A data table
S. Valadbaygi (ed.), United States baseline indicator set 2026, NR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE data release v1. GCRI, 2026.

Indicator data

Baseline indicator set
IndicatorValueUnitYearStateSource
Gross GHG emissions6,343Mt CO₂e2022REPORTED[1]
Net emissions against 2005≈ −17%2022REPORTED[1]
North American disaster losses133US$ billion2025REPORTED[2]
Insured North American losses93US$ billion2025REPORTED[2]
Los Angeles wildfires, overall53US$ billion2025REPORTED[2]
Billion-dollar disasters27events2024REPORTED[15]
Warming of the contiguous US since 1970≈1.4°Cto 2023REPORTED[3]
Population340.1million2024REPORTED[4]
Data-centre share of electricity4.4%2023REPORTED[6]
Projected data-centre share6.7–12%2028SCENARIO[6]
Water withdrawals322bn gal/day2015REPORTED[7]
Thermoelectric share of withdrawals41%2015REPORTED[7]
Irrigation share of withdrawals37%2015REPORTED[7]
Heat-related deaths2,325deaths2023REPORTED[9]
Winter Storm Uri deaths, Texas246deaths2021REPORTED[16]
Households food insecure13.5%2023REPORTED[11]
Animal species at risk40%2023REPORTED[10]
Critical minerals listed50minerals2022REPORTED[12]

Six pillars

Where this edition sits among the six pillars.

Nexus Foundry seals the evidence and Nexus Universe tests it; Nexus Reports publishes it; Nexus Standards takes its corrections and Risk Academy teaches from it.

United States 2026 among the six pillarsF03 Sealed observations and indicator series: Foundry; F04 After-action and scenario findings for: Universe; F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter: Foundry; Applied in editions: Standards; USA edition: Reports; F06 Method and correction findings as change: Standards; F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year: Universe; Taught in the open: Academy
What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; USA is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.
  1. F03 Sealed observations and indicator series Foundry Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).
  2. F04 After-action and scenario findings for Universe After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).
  3. F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter Foundry National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).
  4. Applied in editions Standards Nexus Standards: applied in editions.
  5. USA edition Reports United States 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.
  6. F06 Method and correction findings as change Standards Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).
  7. F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year Universe Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).
  8. Taught in the open Academy Risk Academy: taught in the open.
HandoffBetweenWhat crosses, and when
F03Nexus Foundry to Nexus ReportsSealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).
F04Nexus Universe to Nexus ReportsAfter-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).
F05Nexus Foundry to Nexus ReportsNational Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).
RingNexus Standards to Nexus ReportsNexus Standards: applied in editions.
F06Nexus Reports to Nexus StandardsMethod and correction findings as change proposals (correction).
F12Nexus Reports to Nexus UniverseQ4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).
RingNexus Reports to Risk AcademyRisk Academy: taught in the open.

Corrections log

Versions and notices.

A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable.

0correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition's current version.

EditionVersionDateStateChangeNotice
USANR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0October 2026DraftBaseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual editionNone

Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.

References · NR-CIT-1

40 sources this edition rests on.

  1. [1]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ed.), Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2022. EPA, Washington, DC, April 2024.
  2. [2]Munich Re (ed.), Natural disasters in 2025: NatCatSERVICE full-year figures. Munich Re, Munich, January 2026.
  3. [3]A. R. Crimmins, C. W. Avery, D. R. Easterling, K. E. Kunkel, B. C. Stewart and T. K. Maycock (eds.), Fifth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 2023.
  4. [4]U.S. Census Bureau (ed.), Vintage 2024 national population estimates. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, December 2024.
  5. [5]U.S. Energy Information Administration (ed.), “Electricity in the United States” and Electric Power Monthly. EIA, Washington, DC, retrieved 2026-09-30.
  6. [6]A. Shehabi, S. J. Smith, A. Hubbard et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, December 2024.
  7. [7]C. A. Dieter, M. A. Maupin, R. R. Caldwell et al., Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2015, Circular 1441. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 2018.
  8. [8]U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (ed.), “Reclamation announces 2022 operating conditions for Lake Powell and Lake Mead.” News release, Washington, DC, August 2021.
  9. [9]J. T. Howard, N. Androne, K. C. Alcover and A. R. Santos-Lozada, “Trends of heat-related deaths in the US, 1999–2023,” JAMA, vol. 332, no. 14, pp. 1203–1204, 2024.
  10. [10]NatureServe (ed.), Biodiversity in Focus: United States Edition. NatureServe, Arlington, VA, 2023.
  11. [11]USDA Economic Research Service (ed.), Household Food Security in the United States in 2023. USDA ERS, Washington, DC, December 2024.
  12. [12]U.S. Geological Survey (ed.), “2022 Final List of Critical Minerals.” Federal Register, vol. 87, 24 February 2022.
  13. [13]U.S. Geological Survey (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025. USGS, Reston, VA, 2025.
  14. [14]Federal Emergency Management Agency (ed.), National Risk Index: Technical Documentation. FEMA, Washington, DC, 2023.
  15. [15]NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (ed.), U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters, 1980–2024. NOAA NCEI, Asheville, NC, January 2025.
  16. [16]Texas Department of State Health Services (ed.), February 2021 Winter Storm-Related Deaths, Texas. DSHS, Austin, TX, 2021.
  17. [17]National Drought Mitigation Center (ed.), U.S. Drought Monitor. University of Nebraska–Lincoln, retrieved 2026-09-30.
  18. [18]Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (ed.), National Critical Functions: An Evolved Lens for Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience. CISA, Washington, DC, 2019.
  19. [19]The White House (ed.), National Security Memorandum on Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience (NSM-22). Washington, DC, April 2024.
  20. [20]Federal Emergency Management Agency (ed.), 2024 National Preparedness Report. FEMA, Washington, DC, 2024.
  21. [21]Federal Insurance Office (ed.), Analyses of U.S. Homeowners Insurance Markets, 2018–2022: Climate-Related Risks and Other Factors. U.S. Department of the Treasury, Washington, DC, January 2025.
  22. [22]USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (ed.), 2022 Census of Agriculture. USDA NASS, Washington, DC, 2024.
  23. [23]H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. IPCC, Geneva, 2023.
  24. [24]J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., “Future climate risk from compound events,” Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469–477, 2018.
  25. [25]S. V. Buldyrev, R. Parshani, G. Paul, H. E. Stanley and S. Havlin, “Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks,” Nature, vol. 464, pp. 1025–1028, 2010.
  26. [26]P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13850054.
  27. [27]International Energy Agency (ed.), Energy and AI. World Energy Outlook Special Report. IEA, Paris, 2025.
  28. [28]U.S. Congress (ed.), Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, Public Law 117-58. Washington, DC, 2021.
  29. [29]U.S. Congress (ed.), Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, Public Law 117-169, as amended by Public Law 119-21 (2025). Washington, DC.
  30. [30]UNFCCC (ed.), Paris Agreement, and notification of withdrawal by the United States of America (effective January 2026). United Nations, New York.
  31. [31]Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and North American Electric Reliability Corporation (eds.), February 2021 Cold Weather Outages in Texas and the South Central United States. FERC and NERC, Washington, DC, 2021.
  32. [32]North American Electric Reliability Corporation (ed.), 2025 Summer Reliability Assessment. NERC, Atlanta, GA, 2025.
  33. [33]WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025, WMO-No. 1391. WMO, Geneva, March 2026.
  34. [34]U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (ed.), export controls on advanced computing and semiconductor manufacturing items. Federal Register, October 2022, as updated.
  35. [35]S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Nexus Reports, The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Nexus Reports series, Edition 2026–2030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.
  36. [36]S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Nexus Global Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. NR-GLOBAL-SYSTEMS-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0.
  37. [37]S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Nexus Canada Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. NR-COUNTRY-CAN-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0.
  38. [38]S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Nexus Global Water Risk & Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.
  39. [39]S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Nexus Exponential Technology Report 2026, AI and Agentic Systems, Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.
  40. [40]Federal Emergency Management Agency (ed.), National Flood Insurance Program: program description and policy statistics. FEMA, Washington, DC, retrieved 2026-09-30.

Publication record

Who publishes it, on which terms.

Publication

Title
Nexus United States Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition
Series
Nexus Reports · Edition 2026–2030
Edition
Baseline Edition 2026 · inaugural annual
Version
v1.0.0 · draft for stewardship review
Publication ID
NR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Evidence close
30 September 2026
Publication date
October 2026
DOI
concept and version DOI at deposit

Publisher

Publisher of record
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium
Place
Toronto
Editor
Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor
Stewards
GCRI · technical truth · GRF · public meaning · GRA · capital meaning
Licence
text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source
Copyright
© 2026 GCRI · Nexus Consortium
Language
English (en-GB) source edition
Correspondence
Nexus Registry correction pathway · editorial office

Colophon

Format
A4 portrait · __PAGES__ pages · screen, print and archival PDF
Typefaces
Space Grotesk (display) · Geist (text) · IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) · IBM Plex Mono (data)
Design standard
Nexus Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII
Accessibility
tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure
Production
Nexus Reports editorial team, GCRI

Release path for this version

Release path for this version

StepWhat happensWhen
Drafteditorial self-check complete at evidence closeOctober 2026
Steward reviewfive passes on the exact draft (keys T · M · F · N)Q4 2026
Approvalpublication authority approves the exact digestbefore release
Depositconcept and version DOI minted; registry pointer setat release
Successionthe Q1 2027 edition reports changes against this baselineQ1 2027
Current version
v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review
Previous edition
none, first edition of the series
Next edition
NR-COUNTRY-USA-2027-Q1-v1.0.0
Latest version
resolve the concept DOI or the registry record
Correction route
Nexus Registry correction pathway
Notice types
erratum · addendum · supersession · withdrawal
Nexus ReportsNR-COUNTRY-USA-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0Evidence close 30 September 2026GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, publisher of recordThe Global Centre for Risk and Innovation
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