Data appendix

The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.

9 min read0 figures7 tables25 notesNR-COUNTRY-AUS-2026-BASELINE

Contents

B.1The indicator set

Table B.1Baseline indicator set
Indicator	Value	Unit	Year	State	Source
Population	27.92	million	31 Mar 2026	Reported	¹
Annual population growth	1.4	%	to Mar 2026	Reported	¹
Net overseas migration	292,100	people	year to Mar 2026	Reported	¹
Natural increase	100,600	people	year to Mar 2026	Reported	¹
Aged 65 or over	18.1	%	2025	Reported	¹⁰
Life expectancy, males	81.1	years	2022–24	Reported	³
Life expectancy, females	85.1	years	2022–24	Reported	³
Births	292,318	births	2024	Reported	⁴
Emissions excluding land use	591.5	Mt CO₂e	2024	Reported	⁸
Change since 2019	−2.3	%	2024	Estimated	⁸
Wind and solar share of electricity	33	%	2025	Reported	¹⁶
Coal share of electricity	43	%	2025	Reported	¹⁶
Water consumed	17,223	GL	2023–24	Reported	⁵
Water consumed by agriculture, forestry and fishing	11,760	GL	2023–24	Reported	⁵
Major dam storages	57,931	GL	30 Jun 2024	Reported	⁵
Protected land	22.0	%	2024	Reported	⁹
Protected territorial waters	45.4	%	2024	Reported	⁹
Net emissions against 2005	Not bound	%	n/a	NOT BOUND	³³
Liquid fuel stock depth	Not bound	days	n/a	NOT BOUND	³²
Heat-related deaths	Not bound	deaths	n/a	NOT BOUND	³⁴
Insured disaster losses	Not bound	A$ billion	n/a	NOT BOUND	³⁶

Indicators, CSV Indicators, JSON

B.2National source register

The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.

Domains bound by the register

Table B.3National source register
Source	Category	Coverage	Period	Cadence	Role
Population estimates¹²	national statistics	national	to Mar 2026	quarterly	profile
Life expectancy³	national statistics	national	2022–24	annual	HLT
Births⁴	national statistics	national	2024	annual	HLT
Water Account⁵	national statistics	national	2023–24	annual	WAT
National Accounts⁶	national statistics	national	Jun 2026 qtr	quarterly	FIN
Agricultural commodities⁷	national statistics	national	2021–22	final issue	FOO
Indicator series⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵	international database	national	2022–2025	annual	all domains
Electricity data¹⁶	independent think tank	national	2025	annual	ENE
Carbon data¹⁷	research collective	national	2024	annual	CLI
Royal Commission²²	government inquiry	national	2020	one-off	CLI
Smoke study²³	peer-reviewed	national	2020	one-off	HLT

B.3Regional reading, Australia by state and territory

Map plates for every state or territory follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form.

Selected populations, 31 March 2026¹

8.67million

New South Wales

7.15million

Victoria

5.74million

Queensland

3.10million

Western Australia

Table B.4Regional reading, Australia by state and territory
Region	Principal hazards	Systems most exposed	Baseline evidence
New South Wales	not bound · state hazard assessments⁴⁹	not bound	population 8.67 million; net overseas migration 84,573¹
Victoria	not bound · state hazard assessments⁴⁹	not bound	population 7.15 million; net overseas migration 81,732¹
Queensland	not bound · state hazard assessments⁴⁹	not bound	population 5.74 million; net overseas migration 55,217¹
South Australia	not bound · state hazard assessments⁴⁹	not bound	population 1.92 million; net overseas migration 17,406¹
Western Australia	not bound · state hazard assessments⁴⁹	not bound	population 3.10 million; net overseas migration 41,531¹
Tasmania	not bound · state hazard assessments⁴⁹	not bound	population 0.58 million; net overseas migration 3,247¹
Northern Territory	not bound · territory hazard assessments⁴⁹	not bound	population 0.27 million; net overseas migration 3,585¹
Australian Capital Territory	not bound · territory hazard assessments⁴⁹	not bound	population 0.49 million; net overseas migration 4,816¹

B.4Atlas card, Murray–Darling Basin

basin
shared river system
irrigated agriculture
five jurisdictions

Systems in view: water, food, biodiversity and regional towns
Defining instrument: Water Act 2007 and Basin Plan 2012²⁴
Couplings: CLI → WAT → FOO; WAT ↔ BIO
Capability evidence: shared-river arrangements exist; performance not bound
Gaps: basin storage, allocation and environmental flows
Agenda items: A-03

The Basin Plan has been in force since 2012 and covers water shared between states [24]. Basin-level storage and allocation are not bound in this edition.

WATER

A shared river system

Agriculture, forestry and fishing used 11,760 GL nationally in 2023–24 [5]. The basin share is not bound.

FOOD

Water for farming

Source: basin environmental condition reports. Blocker: not retrieved at evidence close.

NATURE

Condition not bound

B.5Australia system card

The card through which Australia appears in the Oceania and Pacific regional edition and the global series. It summarises; it does not rank.

Table B.5Australia system card
System	Baseline state	Coupling to watch	Coverage
Water	arid continent; 17,223 GL consumed⁵	dry years into farm output	GOOD
Energy	wind and solar 33%; coal 43%¹⁶	fuel supply disruption	PARTIAL
Food	production index 122.5¹⁴	drought and export shocks	PARTIAL
Health	long life expectancy; ageing³¹⁰	heat and smoke load	PARTIAL
Biodiversity	22.0% of land protected⁹	condition not bound	THIN

Context

Archetype: high-income, highly urbanised continental economy and net energy exporter
Population: 27.92 million (31 March 2026)¹
Trade: net energy exports about 211% of energy use¹¹
Hazard: Black Summer 2019–20: about 24 million hectares burnt²²

Australia’s card sits beside its neighbours’; shared basins, grids, corridors and supply chains are read as one regional system.

OCEANIA AND PACIFIC REGIONAL EDITION

One regional system

Australian evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers, so a correction travels everywhere at once.

GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES

Same findings, same IDs

In the global edition Australia is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.

GLOBAL FLAGSHIP

Peers, not ranks

B.6Licences

Table B.6Licences of each kind of material
Material	Licence
Text	CC BY 4.0
Data	on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0
Figures	Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited
Maps	boundary source and licence printed on each plate
Metadata	CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it
Third-party data, figures and text	The source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed
Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.

B.7Formats and provenance

Table B.7This edition in every format
Format	Kind	State	What it is	Identifier
Web edition	HTML	On this site	Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.	NR-COUNTRY-AUS-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Print edition	PDF	At release	A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.	NR-COUNTRY-AUS-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Indicator data	CSV · JSON	On this site	21 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.	NR-COUNTRY-AUS-2026-BASELINE data release v1
Figures	SVG · PNG	On this site	4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.	FIG-COUNTRY-AUS-2026-BASELINE-*
Slides	PDF	Not recorded	No slide deck is recorded for this edition.
Evidence brief	HTML · PDF	Not recorded	No evidence brief is recorded for this edition.
Dataset with DOI	DataCite	At release	Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.

Provenance

Edition pack: The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
Evidence cut: NQ-AUS-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026
Reproducibility: sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
Self-check: 14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
Review: five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
Publisher of record: The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
Corrections: Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), National, state and territory population, March 2026. ABS, Canberra, released 17 September 2026. Observation year 2026. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
10World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: population ages 65 and above and urban population (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS), Australia; upstream UN Population Division. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation years 2024–2025. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
3Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Life expectancy, 2022–2024. ABS, Canberra, released 11 November 2025. Observation years 2022–24. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
4Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Births, Australia, 2024. ABS, Canberra, released 15 October 2025. Observation year 2024. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
8World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Australia. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
16Ember (ed.), Australia: electricity data explorer, full-year 2025. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
5Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Water Account, Australia, 2023–24. ABS, Canberra, released 11 December 2025. Observation year 2023–24. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
9World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: terrestrial and marine protected areas (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS, ER.MRN.PTMR.ZS), Australia; upstream UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
33Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (ed.), Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory: Quarterly Update. DCCEEW, Canberra. Latest update; not read at evidence close.back
32Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (ed.), Australian Energy Update 2025. DCCEEW, Canberra, 2025. Observation year 2023–24; not read at evidence close.back
34Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (ed.), Australia’s Health 2024. AIHW, Canberra, 2024. Observation year 2024; not read at evidence close.back
36Insurance Council of Australia (ed.), Catastrophe declarations and insured loss data. ICA, Sydney. Ongoing series; not read at evidence close.back
2Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Regional population, 2024–25. ABS, Canberra, released 31 March 2026. Observation year 2025. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
6Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Australian National Accounts: National Income, Expenditure and Product, June 2026. ABS, Canberra, released 2 September 2026. Observation year 2026. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
7Australian Bureau of Statistics (ed.), Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 2021–22 (final issue). ABS, Canberra, 2023. Observation year 2021–22. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
11World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: energy use per capita and net energy imports (EG.USE.PCAP.KG.OE, EG.IMP.CONS.ZS), Australia; upstream IEA. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
12World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: agricultural land and forest area (AG.LND.AGRI.ZS, AG.LND.FRST.ZS), Australia; upstream FAO. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
13World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: renewable internal freshwater resources per capita and annual freshwater withdrawals (ER.H2O.INTR.PC, ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS), Australia; upstream FAO AQUASTAT. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2022. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
14World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: food production index, 2014–2016 = 100 (AG.PRD.FOOD.XD), Australia; upstream FAO. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
15World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: current health expenditure and physicians (SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS, SH.MED.PHYS.ZS), Australia; upstream WHO and OECD. World Bank, Washington DC. Observation years 2022–2023. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
17Our World in Data (ed.), CO₂ emissions: Australia country profile, based on Global Carbon Project data. Our World in Data, Oxford. Observation year 2024. Retrieved 2026-11-03.back
22Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements (ed.), Report. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, October 2020. Observation year 2019–20.back
23N. Borchers Arriagada et al., “Unprecedented smoke-related health burden associated with the 2019–20 bushfires in eastern Australia,” Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 213, no. 6, pp. 282–283, 2020.back
49Australian Government (ed.), National Climate Risk Assessment. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Canberra, 2025. Observation year 2025; not read at evidence close.back
24Parliament of Australia (ed.), Water Act 2007 (Cth) and Murray–Darling Basin Plan 2012. Canberra; Murray–Darling Basin Authority, Canberra, 2012. Observation year 2012.back

Cite this annex

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Annex B: Data appendix. In Australia Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: The State of Australia’s Interdependent Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-COUNTRY-AUS-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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Data appendix

B.1The indicator set

B.2National source register

Domains bound by the register

B.3Regional reading, Australia by state and territory

Selected populations, 31 March 2026¹

B.4Atlas card, Murray–Darling Basin

WATER

FOOD

NATURE

B.5Australia system card

Context

OCEANIA AND PACIFIC REGIONAL EDITION

GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES

GLOBAL FLAGSHIP

B.6Licences

B.7Formats and provenance

Provenance

Notes

Cite this annex

Send evidence or a correction on Australia.

Not for profit

Who funds us

Independence

Licence

B.1The indicator set

B.2National source register

Domains bound by the register

B.3Regional reading, Australia by state and territory

Selected populations, 31 March 20261

B.4Atlas card, Murray–Darling Basin

WATER

FOOD

NATURE

B.5Australia system card

Context

OCEANIA AND PACIFIC REGIONAL EDITION

GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES

GLOBAL FLAGSHIP

B.6Licences

B.7Formats and provenance

Provenance

Notes

Cite this annex

Send evidence or a correction on Australia.

Not for profit

Who funds us

Independence

Licence

Selected populations, 31 March 2026¹