GCRI · Ticaret ve Stratejik Kaynaklar

Jeoekonomi ve parçalanma

Trade is increasingly shaped by security concerns: export controls, yaptırım, investment screening, subsidies and tariffs that steer supply chains toward allies or home. These measures can reduce some dependencies while creating others, raising costs and splitting markets. This page sets out how jeoekonomik parçalanmayı works, how it is measured, and what evidence serves the governments and firms that must navigate it.

02Soru

Geoeconomics and fragmentation: how the risk develops.

Restrictions, market transmission and substitution. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mekanizma

Measures restrict and redirect

Kimin kiminle ticaret yaptığını yeniden biçimlendiren ihracat kontrolleri, yaptırım and tariffs block or tax trade with particular partners. Trade often reroutes through third countries rather than stopping.

Mekanizma

Subsidies relocate production

Industrial policies subsidise domestic or allied production of chips, batteries and clean technology. Others respond, and trade patterns shift over years.

Mekanizma

Blocs form along alignment

Trade and investment grow faster between politically aligned countries. Fragmentation reduces efficiency gains from specialisation and can raise prices.

Mekanizma

Retaliation compounds

Each measure invites a response. Escalating restrictions widen the set of goods affected and raise uncertainty for investment.

03İzleme

Koridor ve tıkanma noktası izleyicisi.

Bir ekibin bu konuyu izlemek için kullanacağı ekran: ölçütleri, durumları ve kararları. Adlar örnektir ve değerler açıklayıcıdır.

Koridor ve tıkanma noktası izleyicisi

Geoeconomics and fragmentation · Corridor A · Week 28

  • Geçiş süresi
    22gün9Uyarı
  • Navlun endeksi
    21431İzleyin
  • Yönü değiştirilen gemiler
    57bu haftaİzleyin
  • Envanter kapsamı
    37günNormal
Kritik geçit noktası aksamasıGCRI · Ticaret ve Stratejik Kaynaklar

Koridorlar

kırmızı: aksayan

Merkez AMerkez BBoğazLiman merkeziMerkez EMerkez FTerminalTıkanma noktasıN

Toparlanma süresi ile hayatta kalma süresi

kritik girdiye göre

GübreBoğaz73Kısa
YakıtBoğaz54Kapsanıyor
Yarı iletkenlerLiman merkezi2411Kısa
TahılKoridor A28Kapsanıyor
Corridor and chokepoint monitor: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Geoeconomics and fragmentation.Örnek adlar ve örnekleyici değerler; bir tasarımdır, kayıt veya canlı bir sistem değildir.
04Alanlar genelinde

Fragmentation changes costs and resilience across domains.

Fragmentation scenarios are designed for the Öngörü Görünümü serisi, labelled as scenarios. The IMF’s 2023 Staff Discussion Note and the WTO World Trade Report 2023 set out estimated costs and their wide ranges; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) takes no position on any dispute.

  • Cases where a restriction reached a supply chain.
  • Critiques of fragmentation scenarios.
05Yöntemler ve kanıt

How geoeconomics and fragmentation is modelled, measured and tested.

Model, varsayımları, verileri ve belirsizliği, bir bilim insanının veya mühendisin kontrol edeceği biçimde. Yapılar yayımlanmış yöntemleri izler. Çizilen değerler bulgu değil, açıklayıcıdır.

Sistem modeli

The couplings between the systems in geoeconomics and fragmentation: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+TicaretSanayiTopluluklarEkonomiR pekiştiriciB dengeleyici
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR yol gösterici ilkeleri · GO FAIR ve FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumBelirsizliklerin tutarlı ele alınmasına ilişkin kılavuz · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Yer Gözlem Uyduları Komitesi
06Göstergeler

Neyin ve ne kadar iyi ölçüldüğü.

Her gösterge birimini, sıklığını, ardındaki kaynak türünü ve bir değerin taşıyacağı kanıt etiketini taşır. Hiçbir değer gösterilmez: değerleri bir program kendi yetkisi altında sağlar.

GöstergeBirimSıklıkKaynak türüEtiket
Trade policy interventionscount of measures by typeaylıkTrade policy monitoring databasesBİLDİRİLMİŞ
Trade between geopolitical blocsshare of total tradeüç ayda birBilateral trade data with bloc classificationTAHMİNİ
Goods covered by export controlscount of product codesdeğişiklik başınaGovernment control listsYayımlanmış istatistikler
Foreign direct investment screening decisionscount of reviews and blocksyıllıkInvestment screening reportsYayımlanmış istatistikler
Average applied tariffpercentyıllıkTariff databasesYayımlanmış istatistikler
Trade policy uncertaintyindex value from text analysisaylıkPublished uncertainty measuresTAHMİNİ
07Kaynaklar

Kanıtın nereden geldiği.

Her biri lisans sınıfıyla birlikte, adı belirtilmiş kamuya açık veri kümeleri ve kurumsal kayıtlar. Anlaşmaya dayalı kaynaklar yalnızca koşullarına göre kullanılır ve asla yeniden yayımlanmaz.

KaynakSağladıklarıLisans sınıfı
Global Trade AlertTrade policy interventions by country and typePublic, terms to check
WTO trade monitoring reports and Integrated DatabaseTrade measures and applied tariffsPublic, WTO terms
OECD investment screening reportsInvestment screening mechanisms and activityPublic, OECD terms
Authority export control and yaptırım listsRestricted items, entities and countriesPublic records, licence per government
IMF and WTO analysis of jeoekonomik parçalanmayıEstimates of fragmentation costs and trade shiftsPublic, terms per publisher
08Kararlar

Kim karar verir ve kanıt neye hizmet eder.

Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Kim karar verirSoruBu sayfanın hizmet ettiği kanıt
Ministries of trade and foreign affairsHow to respond to and design trade measuresMeasure trackers; fragmentation scenarios
Firms with global supply chainsHow to adjust sourcing and investment to policy riskRerouting analyses; control lists
Multilateral institutionsHow to monitor and reduce fragmentation costsTrade monitoring evidence

Bu konunun ürettiği çıktılar

  • Trade measure trackers for products and partners of interest
  • Rerouting analyses of trade through third countries
  • Scenarios of fragmentation effects on supply
  • Evidence notes for trade policy dialogues
09Temel sorular

What experts ask about fragmentation.

  • How do restrictions change trade flows, and how much trade is rerouted through third countries?
  • Which products and sectors are most affected, and how quickly can supply be substituted?
  • What are the costs of fragmentation, and who bears them?
  • How do retaliatory measures and policy uncertainty affect investment and supply decisions?
  • How does fragmentation interact with energy transitions and technology development?
10Mekanizmalar ve etkenler

How restrictions transmit.

Trade measures change relative prices and access. Importers seek alternative suppliers; exporters seek new markets; and some trade is rerouted through intermediary countries. In the short run, substitution is limited by capacity, qualification requirements and contracts, so restrictions raise prices and cause shortages. In the long run, supply chains reorganise, sometimes at higher cost.

Uncertainty is itself a channel. When firms expect policy to change, they may delay investment, build buffers or duplicate supply chains. These responses can increase resilience but also reduce efficiency and raise prices.

Measures can spread. Restrictions by one country can prompt responses by others, and broad categories of goods, such as technology or critical minerals, may become subject to overlapping controls.

11Yöntemler ve veriler

Yöntemler ve sınırları.

  1. 01

    Gravity and trade models

    Econometric models of bilateral trade used to estimate effects of measures, using ekonometri. Results depend on specification.

  2. 02

    Girdi-çıktı analizi

    Tracing how restrictions on one sector affect others. Aggregation hides firm-level substitution.

  3. 03

    Policy databases

    Records of trade measures by product and country. Classification and coverage differ between sources.

  4. 04

    Network scenarios

    Simulating the removal of trade links using ağ bilimi. Behavioural responses are simplified.

Estimates of fragmentation costs vary widely with assumptions about substitution and adjustment time, and are presented with their ranges.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Bu sayfanın karşılaştırıldığı kuruluşlar ve belgeler. Durumlar ve sürümler değişir; her bağlantı yayımlayan kuruluşa gider.

14Sorular

Sorular ve yanıtlar.

What is geoeconomic fragmentation?
A policy-driven reversal of global economic integration, in which trade, investment and technology flows are restricted or redirected along geopolitical lines.
What is friend-shoring?
Relocating supply chains to politically aligned countries to reduce exposure to rivals, at some cost in efficiency.
Do sanctions stop trade?
They restrict it, but trade often reroutes through third countries. Measuring the effect requires tracing flows across several partners.
Does the platform take positions on sanctions or tariffs?
No. It analyses effects with transparent methods and leaves policy choices to the competent authorities.
Does it give compliance guidance?
No. Compliance questions belong with legal advisers and the relevant authorities.
Is fragmentation always harmful?
The topic examines both costs and resilience effects. Diversification can reduce some risks while raising costs.
RaporlarKatkıda bulunun

Bu sayfadan kanıt katkısında bulunun.

Raporlar is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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