Water Nexus in Reports

01In brief

What this area brings to the editions.

The interdependence of water services, watersheds, human health, energy, food and economic resilience.

02Field

Water Nexus on the map.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 3

Water now, for this page

About this layer

Evidence: Observed (clouds leave gaps)
Source: VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)
Provider: NASA LANCE
Licence: NASA open data
Vintage: daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps
Newest at build: 2026-10-14
Resolution: about 250 m grid
Uncertainty: Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
Reached through: gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map

About this layer

Evidence: Estimated
Source: GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)
Provider: NASA GES DISC
Licence: NASA open data
Vintage: daily; Satellite estimate, near real time
Newest at build: 2026-10-12
Resolution: about 2 km grid
Uncertainty: Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
Reached through: gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map

About this layer

Evidence: Modelled
Source: SMAP Level 4 (NASA NSIDC DAAC)
Provider: NASA NSIDC DAAC
Licence: NASA open data
Vintage: daily; Model with satellite data assimilated
Newest at build: 2026-10-11
Resolution: about 2 km grid
Uncertainty: Model with satellite data assimilated. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
Reached through: gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map

About this layer

Evidence: Observed
Source: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)
Provider: NASA LANCE
Licence: NASA open data
Vintage: daily; Satellite image
Newest at build: 2026-10-14
Resolution: about 250 m grid
Uncertainty: Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
Reached through: gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map

About this layer

Evidence: Estimated
Source: Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))
Provider: NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)
Licence: CC BY 4.0
Vintage: static product; Census-based estimate, static (2020)
Resolution: about 1 km grid
Uncertainty: Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.
Reached through: gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map

About this layer

Evidence: Observed
Source: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)
Provider: NASA LAADS DAAC
Licence: NASA open data
Vintage: daily; Satellite radiance, corrected for moonlight and atmosphere
Newest at build: 2026-10-12
Resolution: about 500 m grid
Uncertainty: Satellite night-time radiance for the date shown; lights are a proxy for electricity use and outages, not a measurement of supply or access.
Reached through: gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

Water now, framed on the Nile Basin.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT

Sources and licences

We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
SMAP Level 4 soil moisture and snow mass, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
© OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.
Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.
Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science/Applied Science Program..
Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Optional layers (15 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026
Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC · 12 Oct 2026
Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm: SMAP Level 4, NASA NSIDC DAAC · 11 Oct 2026
True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026

03In the editions

9 findings of the drafted editions that bear on Water Nexus.

Drawn from the Baseline Edition 2026 drafts through the systems this area reads. Each opens at its anchor in its edition, with its numbered sources.

04Evidence path

From Foundry evidence to the series.

The evidence, step by step, from the systems this area reads to the series it feeds.

How Water Nexus reaches Reports: what it reads, how it reads it, the sealed cut and the series it feeds.

Step	What happens	Source
01 What it reads	Water Nexus reads NXS-EOP (earth observation and digital twins) and The Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX): governed sources with their releases, never a value without its source.
02 How it reads them	Hydrology and water science and Water and environmental engineering turn the evidence into findings, with assumptions and limits stated beside each value.
03 The cut is sealed	Each quarter the evidence is sealed in one cut, so OBSERVED, REPORTED and ESTIMATED values stay apart and every edition can be rebuilt.
04 The series it feeds	The cut feeds Global Sector Risk and Resilience and Country Systems Risk and Resilience, from the Baseline Edition 2026 into the quarterly series.
05 Who decides	Decisions stay with the authorities that hold them, under their own rules; an edition informs a decision and never makes it.

A teaching model of the evidence path, not a forecast and not a record of any run; the systems, methods and series named come from the registries. Sources: Water Nexus in Reports (2026); Water Nexus home (2026).

05Series

The series it feeds, and what backs each.

Series	Foundry systems it draws on	Academy disciplines	Series home
Global Sector Risk and Resilience	NXS-GRX one sector’s structure, dependencies and concentration measures NXS-EOP observed change in the sector’s assets and their surroundings	Trade, supply chains and geoeconomics Critical infrastructure and lifelines	Global Sector Risk and Resilience series home
Country Systems Risk and Resilience	NXS-GRX one country’s dependency map and its indicator baselines NXS-CMD (integrated posture and executive synthesis) the national portfolio of risk reduction work the edition reads against NXS-EOP exposure and change layers at subnational detail	Nexus-Based Risk Management (NRM) Disaster risk reduction Critical infrastructure and lifelines	Country Systems Risk and Resilience series home
Observatory Signal	NXS-OPS (instruments, sensors and calibration) calibrated primary observations and their uncertainty budgets NXS-EWS (multi-hazard monitoring and warning) whether an anomaly was forecast and how well NXS-EOP observational change products that corroborate a signal NXS-SIG spectrum and timing anomalies that affect dependent services	Geospatial analysis, Earth observation and GeoAI Climate science, variability and change Space systems, space weather and navigation	Observatory Signal series home

06Backed by

The systems, methods and teaching behind it.

07Across the Consortium

Where the same subject is reported elsewhere.

08Topics

Topic pages on Water Nexus.

Topic

Water utilities

09Contribute

Contribute on Water Nexus.

Evidence, a case, a correction, a method or profile input on this subject. The composer tags it with this area and its series.

Contribution composer

Write a contribution the editor can act on.

Say what it is, where its record is kept and on which licence. It arrives tagged with this page, its area and its gateway, so it reaches the editor who owns it.

Your email opens with the subject and a template already filled in for GW-GCRI.

Write the contribution Deposit on Zenodo instead

Evidence
Correction
Case study
Analysis or method
Peer review
Translation
Profile input

Never send personal data or sensitive infrastructure detail. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights.

10Open science

Open science for Water Nexus.

How a contribution on this subject is deposited, identified, credited, licensed and found, and the metadata for it prefilled from this page.

Water Nexus’s open record

Area: Water Nexus
Feeds: Global Sector Risk and Resilience, Country Systems Risk and Resilience, Observatory Signal
Record: A UNI for every accepted contribution; cited with its DOI in the edition that uses it
Links: isSupplementTo the edition it informs; isNewVersionOf its earlier version
Licence: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0

Credit and identity

ORCID: Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
ROR: Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone
CRediT: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing
Account: None needed to contribute; never a password

Find and follow

Search the open indexes for Water Nexus; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.

Mirrors and harvest

The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.

InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Water Nexus, prefilled from this page

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11Latest

Releases for this area.

Releases tagged to this area appear here once released.

ReportsContribute

Send evidence on Water Nexus.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) Systems Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.

GCRI Systems Evidence deskWater NexusGlobal Sector Risk and ResilienceCountry Systems Risk and ResilienceObservatory Signal

Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.

Sector signature

The sectors behind Water Nexus.

A reading aid: the sectors the findings run through and how strongly they depend on each other.

Select corners · hover lines6 / 15 relations

Signature

Water and its partners

Water gives irrigation to food (0.8), cooling water and hydropower to energy (0.6) and environmental flows to biodiversity (0.6).

W · E · I · F · H · B

Sectors: 4 of 6
Relations: 6 of 15
Coupling: 0.43 share of total

Strongest relations in play

Food → Biodiversity · land conversion0.6
Water → Energy · cooling water and hydropower0.6
Water → Food · irrigation0.8
Water → Biodiversity · environmental flows0.6

Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.

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What this area brings to the editions.

Water Nexus on the map.

9 findings of the drafted editions that bear on Water Nexus.

From Foundry evidence to the series.

The series it feeds, and what backs each.

The systems, methods and teaching behind it.

Where the same subject is reported elsewhere.

Topic pages on Water Nexus.

Catchment hydrology

Drinking water and sanitation

Drought and flood

Groundwater and aquifers

Shared river basins

Water-energy interdependence

Water, food and ecosystem links

Water utilities

Contribute on Water Nexus.

Write a contribution the editor can act on.

Open science for Water Nexus.

Water Nexus’s open record

Credit and identity

Find and follow

Mirrors and harvest

Releases for this area.

Send evidence on Water Nexus.

Around the reports at GCRI.

The sectors behind Water Nexus.

Strongest relations in play

Bring what you know to the next edition.

Legal documents.