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Health and biosecurity

Health Nexus in Reports

Health security and human wellbeing through resilient health systems and cross-sector evidence. This page shows the series it feeds, the evidence behind it and how to contribute.

Contribute on this areaHealth Nexus home
Series
3
Systems
4
Methods
7
01In brief

What this area brings to the editions.

Health security and human wellbeing through resilient health systems and cross-sector evidence.

02Field

Health Nexus on the map.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 3

Environmental exposure, for this page

About this layer
Evidence
Estimated
Source
Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))
Provider
NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)
Licence
CC BY 4.0
Vintage
static product; Census-based estimate, static (2020)
Resolution
about 1 km grid
Uncertainty
Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
Evidence
Observed (persistent cloud still leaves gaps)
Source
VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day (NASA LANCE)
Provider
NASA LANCE
Licence
NASA open data
Vintage
8-day; Satellite 8-day composite; persistent cloud still leaves gaps
Newest at build
2026-09-14
Resolution
about 1 km grid
Uncertainty
Satellite skin temperature of the ground over the 8 days ending on the date shown, a heat exposure indicator; not air temperature, heat index or a heat warning.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
Evidence
Observed (clouds leave gaps)
Source
VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD (NASA LANCE)
Provider
NASA LANCE
Licence
NASA open data
Vintage
daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps
Newest at build
2026-10-14
Resolution
about 2 km grid
Uncertainty
Satellite measure of haze, smoke and dust through the whole air column on the day shown; an exposure indicator, not ground-level PM2.5, an air quality index or a health warning.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
Evidence
Observed
Source
VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)
Provider
NASA LANCE
Licence
NASA open data
Vintage
daily; Satellite image
Newest at build
2026-10-14
Resolution
about 250 m grid
Uncertainty
Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
Evidence
Observed (clouds leave gaps)
Source
OMI Aura (NASA GES DISC)
Provider
NASA GES DISC
Licence
NASA open data
Vintage
daily; Satellite retrieval; clouds leave gaps
Newest at build
2026-10-10
Resolution
about 2 km grid
Uncertainty
Satellite column of nitrogen dioxide in the lower atmosphere on the day shown, mostly from combustion; not a ground-level concentration or a health warning.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
Evidence
Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)
Source
MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)
Provider
NASA LP DAAC
Licence
NASA open data
Vintage
yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes
Newest at build
2024-01-01
Resolution
about 500 m grid
Uncertainty
Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.
Reached through
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

Environmental exposure, framed on Africa.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT

Sources and licences

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MODIS and VIIRS atmosphere products, NASA LANCE and LAADS DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • OMI nitrogen dioxide (Aura) and OMPS aerosol index (Suomi NPP), NASA; distributed by the NASA GES DISC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
  • Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
  • © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
  • Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
  • Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
  • Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
  • Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
  • Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Air quality forecast, 5 days, PM2.5 (CAMS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service information 2026.
  • Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.
  • Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
  • Optional layers (14 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

  • Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
  • Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026
  • Aerosol optical depth, daily: VIIRS NOAA-20 Deep Blue AOD, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
  • Nitrogen dioxide, lower atmosphere column: OMI Aura, NASA GES DISC · 10 Oct 2026
  • Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024

03In the editions

9 findings of the drafted editions that bear on Health Nexus.

Drawn from the Baseline Edition 2026 drafts through the systems this area reads. Each opens at its anchor in its edition, with its numbered sources.

  1. AREUnited Arab EmiratesA reading of 51.6 °C was reported at Sweihan on 24 May 2025, and outdoor work stops from 12:30 to 15:00 between 15 June and 15 September; no national heat-illness series is bound.REPORTED · COUNTRY-ARE-HLT-009
  2. ARGArgentinaThe 2025–26 dengue season closed with about 70 confirmed cases against 27,178 suspected, while chikungunya reached 3,730 confirmed or probable cases, mostly in the north-west.REPORTED · COUNTRY-ARG-HLT-009
  3. AUAfrican UnionUnder-5 mortality fell from 79.0 to 71.2 per 1,000 live births between 2018 and 2024, and life expectancy reached 62.8 years.REPORTED · COUNTRY-AU-HLT-008
  4. AUSAustraliaSmoke from the 2019–20 fires was linked to an estimated 417 deaths in a peer-reviewed study.REPORTED · COUNTRY-AUS-HLT-006
  5. BRABrazilDengue caused 6,484,890 probable cases and 5,972 confirmed deaths in 2024; WHO had already counted 6.3 million suspected cases in Brazil by 30 April. Life expectancy reached 76.6 years.REPORTED · COUNTRY-BRA-HLT-010
  6. CHESwitzerlandHeat-attributable deaths were 623 in June to August 2022, 542 in May to September 2023 and 326 in May to September 2024.REPORTED · COUNTRY-CHE-HLT-009
  7. CHNChinaThe population fell by 3.39 million to 1,404.89 million in 2025; 15.9% were aged 65 or over and births were 7.92 million.REPORTED · COUNTRY-CHN-HLT-010
  8. EUEuropean UnionA peer-reviewed study models 62,775 heat-related deaths in 32 European countries in summer 2024.REPORTED · COUNTRY-EU-HLT-007
  9. GS-02Global Energy655 million people lacked electricity in 2024 and about 2.0 billion relied mainly on polluting fuels for cooking.REPORTED · SECTOR-ENERGY-GLOBAL-HLT-007
04Evidence path

From Foundry evidence to the series.

The evidence, step by step, from the systems this area reads to the series it feeds.

How Health Nexus reaches Reports: what it reads, how it reads it, the sealed cut and the series it feeds.

StepWhat happensSource
01 What it readsHealth Nexus reads The Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX) and NXS-EWS (multi-hazard monitoring and warning): governed sources with their releases, never a value without its source.
02 How it reads themEpidemiology and public health science and Molecular and life sciences turn the evidence into findings, with assumptions and limits stated beside each value.
03 The cut is sealedEach quarter the evidence is sealed in one cut, so OBSERVED, REPORTED and ESTIMATED values stay apart and every edition can be rebuilt.
04 The series it feedsThe cut feeds Global Sector Risk and Resilience and Country Systems Risk and Resilience, from the Baseline Edition 2026 into the quarterly series.
05 Who decidesDecisions stay with the authorities that hold them, under their own rules; an edition informs a decision and never makes it.

A teaching model of the evidence path, not a forecast and not a record of any run; the systems, methods and series named come from the registries. Sources: Health Nexus in Reports (2026); Health Nexus home (2026).

05Series

The series it feeds, and what backs each.

SeriesFoundry systems it draws onAcademy disciplinesSeries home
Global Sector Risk and ResilienceNXS-GRX one sector’s structure, dependencies and concentration measures
NXS-EOP (earth observation and digital twins) observed change in the sector’s assets and their surroundings		Trade, supply chains and geoeconomics
Critical infrastructure and lifelines		Global Sector Risk and Resilience series home
Country Systems Risk and ResilienceNXS-GRX one country’s dependency map and its indicator baselines
NXS-CMD (integrated posture and executive synthesis) the national portfolio of risk reduction work the edition reads against
NXS-EOP exposure and change layers at subnational detail		Nexus-Based Risk Management (NRM)
Disaster risk reduction
Critical infrastructure and lifelines		Country Systems Risk and Resilience series home
Evidence BriefNXS-GRX the evidence behind one question, with its strength and gaps
NXS-POR (public, client and partner delivery) the public-safe release of a brief and its corrections
NXS-DSS (decision cases and deliberation) what the evidence settles for the decision in hand		Research, evidence and the science-policy interface
Risk communication and risk literacy
Uncertainty and decision making		Evidence Brief series home
06Backed by

The systems, methods and teaching behind it.

07Across the Consortium

Where the same subject is reported elsewhere.

08Topics

Topic pages on Health Nexus.

Topic

Health system continuity

Topic

Healthcare infrastructure

Topic

Health supply chains

Topic

Digital health risk

Topic

Health equity

Topic

Infectious threats

Topic

One Health

Topic

Environmental health

09Contribute

Contribute on Health Nexus.

Evidence, a case, a correction, a method or profile input on this subject. The composer tags it with this area and its series.

Contribution composer

Write a contribution the editor can act on.

Say what it is, where its record is kept and on which licence. It arrives tagged with this page, its area and its gateway, so it reaches the editor who owns it.

Your email opens with the subject and a template already filled in for GW-GCRI.

Write the contribution Deposit on Zenodo instead
  • Evidence
  • Correction
  • Case study
  • Analysis or method
  • Peer review
  • Translation
  • Profile input

Never send personal data or sensitive infrastructure detail. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights.

10Open science

Open science for Health Nexus.

How a contribution on this subject is deposited, identified, credited, licensed and found, and the metadata for it prefilled from this page.

Health Nexus’s open record

Area
Health Nexus
Feeds
Global Sector Risk and Resilience, Country Systems Risk and Resilience, Evidence Brief
Record
A UNI for every accepted contribution; cited with its DOI in the edition that uses it
Links
isSupplementTo the edition it informs; isNewVersionOf its earlier version
Licence
CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0

Credit and identity

ORCID
Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
ROR
Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone
CRediT
Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing
Account
None needed to contribute; never a password

Find and follow

Search the open indexes for Health Nexus; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.

Mirrors and harvest

The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.

InvenioRDM metadata for a contribution on Health Nexus, prefilled from this page
{
  "metadata": {
    "resource_type": {
      "id": "dataset"
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    "title": "Evidence on Health Nexus for Nexus Reports",
    "publication_date": "YYYY-MM-DD",
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          ]
        },
        "affiliations": [
          {
            "id": "ROR identifier of your organisation"
          }
        ]
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    ],
    "description": "What it is, where its record is kept and how it bears on Health Nexus in Nexus Reports.",
    "rights": [
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        "id": "cc-by-4.0"
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    "subjects": [
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11Latest

Releases for this area.

Releases tagged to this area appear here once released.

ReportsContribute

Send evidence on Health Nexus.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) Systems Evidence desk. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work. Sent to the wrong desk, it is forwarded, not refused.

GCRI Systems Evidence deskHealth NexusGlobal Sector Risk and ResilienceCountry Systems Risk and ResilienceEvidence Brief

Never send personal data, sensitive infrastructure detail or anything you have no right to share. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights, and sponsorship never buys a finding.

Related

Around the reports at GCRI.

Sector signature

The sectors behind Health Nexus.

A reading aid: the sectors the findings run through and how strongly they depend on each other.

Select corners · hover lines6 / 15 relations

Signature

Health and its partners

Health gives workforce for operations to infrastructure (0.3), farm labour to food (0.3) and utility workforce to water (0.2).

W · E · I · F · H · B

Sectors
4 of 6
Relations
6 of 15
Coupling
0.42 share of total

Strongest relations in play

  • Water → Food · irrigation0.8
  • Food → Health · nutrition0.7
  • Infrastructure → Water · pipes, dams and treatment works0.6
  • Water → Health · drinking water and sanitation0.7
Teaching values for a typical city-region, not measurements for any place. Coupling is the summed strength of the relations in play, as a share of all fifteen.
Reports · GCRI

Bring what you know to the next edition.

Every quarter closes on a sealed evidence cut. Contributions received before the cut are reviewed for that edition; later ones wait for the next.

Contribute Write to the editorial office
Legal

Maps, data and figures on this site are shown for context and general information. They are not advice, forecasts or warnings; the limits of the information are set out in the Disclaimers and Data Notices.

CC BY 4.0 Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.